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This book is open access under a CC BY-NC 2.5 license. The Gulf of Mexico is an open and dynamic marine ecosystem rich in natural resources but heavily impacted by human activities, including agricultural, industrial, commercial and coastal development. Nutrients and pollutants from coastal communities and dozens of rivers flow into the Gulf, including material from the Mississippi River watershed, which drains over one third of continental United States. The Gulf of Mexico has been continuously exposed to petroleum hydrocarbons for millions of years from natural oil and gas seeps on the sea floor, and more recently from oil drilling and production activities located in the water near and far from shore. Major accidental oil spills in the Gulf are infrequent; two of the most significant include the Ixtoc I blowout in the Bay of Campeche in 1979 and the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in 2010. Unfortunately, baseline assessments of the status of habitats and biota in the Gulf of Mexico before these spills either were not available, or the data had not been systematically compiled in a way that would help scientists assess the potential short-term and long-term effects of such events. This 2-volume series compiles and summarizes thousands of data sets showing the status of habitats and biota in the Gulf of Mexico before the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill that began on April 20, 2010. Volume 1 begins with an overview of the following 13 chapters and focuses on the big picture rather than the details of habitat quality and biota.  Volume 1 covers: • Water and sediment quality and contaminants, to provide perspective on environmental conditions in the Gulf. • Natural oil and gas seeps in the Gulf of Mexico, to identify natural sources of exposure to petroleum hydrocarbons. • Coastal habitats, including flora and fauna and coastal geology. • Offshore benthos and plankton, with an analysis of current knowledge on energy capture and energy flows in the Gulf. • Shellfish and finfish resources that provide the basis for commercial and recreational fisheries. Volume 2 covers: • Historical data on commercial and recreational fisheries, with an analysis of marketing trends and drivers. • Ecology, populations and risks to birds, sea turtles and marine mammals in the Gulf of Mexico. • A final chapter extensively illustrated with original images on diseases and mortalities of fish and other animals that inhabit the Gulf of Mexico.  Chapters in these volumes have been peer reviewed by scientific experts in the subject areas covered.  Hopefully, the collection and analysis of such data for the Gulf of Mexico will be continued and sponsored by responsible federal and state agencies with the frequency needed to accurately assess potential damage to natural resources from ecologically harmful events that may occur in the future.

Environment. --- Environmental management. --- Marine sciences. --- Freshwater. --- Environmental Management. --- Marine & Freshwater Sciences. --- Fresh waters --- Freshwater --- Freshwaters --- Inland water --- Inland waters --- Water --- Ocean sciences --- Aquatic sciences --- Environmental stewardship --- Stewardship, Environmental --- Environmental sciences --- Management --- Marine Sciences. --- environmental management --- marine --- freshwater sciences

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Fresh water. --- Water-supply. --- Water resources development. --- Water resources development --- Energy development --- Natural resources --- Water-supply --- Availability, Water --- Water availability --- Water resources --- Public utilities --- Water utilities --- Fresh waters --- Freshwater --- Freshwaters --- Inland water --- Inland waters --- Water --- International cooperation.

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Fresh water --- Water quality --- Remote sensing. --- Measurement --- Freshwater --- Freshwater quality --- Marine water quality --- Quality of water --- Seawater --- Seawater quality --- Water --- Environmental quality --- Fresh waters --- Freshwaters --- Inland water --- Inland waters --- Quality --- Composition

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This book offers an up-to-date review of our current understanding of climate change in the North Sea and adjacent areas, as well as its impact on ecosystems and socio-economic sectors. It provides a detailed assessment of climate change based on published scientific work compiled by independent international experts from climate-related disciplines such as oceanography, atmospheric sciences, marine and terrestrial ecology, using a regional evaluation and review process similar to that of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). It provides a comprehensive overview of all aspects of our changing climate, discussing a wide range of topics including past, current and future climate change, and climate-related changes in marine, terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. It also explores the impact of climate change on socio-economic sectors such as fisheries, agriculture, coastal zone management, coastal protection, urban climate, recreation/tourism, offshore activities/energy, and air pollution.

Earth sciences. --- Atmospheric sciences. --- Environmental management. --- Marine sciences. --- Freshwater. --- Earth Sciences. --- Atmospheric Sciences. --- Marine & Freshwater Sciences. --- Environmental Management. --- Fresh waters --- Freshwater --- Freshwaters --- Inland water --- Inland waters --- Ocean sciences --- Environmental stewardship --- Stewardship, Environmental --- Aerophysics --- Atmospheric sciences --- Physical meteorology --- Geosciences --- Water --- Aquatic sciences --- Environmental sciences --- Management --- Geophysics --- Physical sciences --- Meteorology, Physical --- Atmospheric science --- Marine Sciences. --- Earth sciences --- Atmosphere --- Atmospheric Sciences --- Marine & Freshwater Sciences --- Environmental Management

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The first Jellyfish Blooms volume was published in 2001. Since that time, reports of human problems with jellyfish, as well as public and scientific awareness of the importance of jellyfish in coastal waters have increased dramatically. At the same time, the severity of the many complex environmental problems in the global ocean and awareness of those problems also has increased dramatically. The accelerating degradation of the oceans from over-harvesting of commercial species, eutrophication, decreased oxygen, climate change, and species introductions may be promoting the expanding problems with jellyfish. Jellyfish Blooms: New Problems and Solutions is the third volume in this series. Syntheses and original research articles provide an identification key for the ephyrae of 18 common scyphozoan species, document the Mediterranean-wide bloom of the invasive ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi, and address the direct effects of ocean acidification on jellyfish for the first time. The influence of climate change on jellyfish blooms is covered in several papers. New methods are presented for large-scale estimation of scyphomedusan occurrence with the Continuous Plankton Recorder and trophic effects as estimated by respiration. Moreover, novel approaches are described for study of medusan toxicity. This is a key reference for students and professional marine biologists, oceanographers, and fishery scientists and managers.

Aquatic biology. --- Environmental sciences. --- Invertebrates. --- Marine Sciences. --- Jellyfish blooms --- Zoology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Invertebrates & Protozoa --- Blooms, Jellyfish --- Jelly blooms --- Environment. --- Aquatic ecology. --- Marine sciences. --- Freshwater. --- Marine & Freshwater Sciences. --- Freshwater & Marine Ecology. --- Plankton blooms --- Invertebrata --- Animals --- Hydrobiology --- Water biology --- Aquatic sciences --- Biology --- Ocean sciences --- Aquatic ecology . --- Aquatic biology --- Ecology --- Fresh waters --- Freshwater --- Freshwaters --- Inland water --- Inland waters --- Water