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Henry IV, King of England, 1367-1413.

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The study of the origins and early years of the Fourth International acquires a special relevance when considering them as part of the process of construction and criticism of the organizational and political tools of the working class that continues to this day. From its origins, the Fourth International was marked by political disputes within the Communist International, by the first positions as the Left Opposition, by the persecution of Trotskyist sympathizers and by the assassination of Leon Trotsky. Thus, this book is based on the need and the importance of investigating the history of Socialist Internationals in the key of an international history of socialism, insofar as the local and regional expressions of this current can be comprehensively understood through comparative and transnational analysis.Trotskyists under Nazi terror. A history of the Fourth International during World War II, develops a historical analysis of the political perspective carried out by the Fourth International in Europe during World War II through the comparative study of the French, North American, Belgian and British sections. Taking as one of the central axes the resurgence of the discussion on the national question in Europe, it is observed how the crisis of the Fourth International did not begin with the debate on entryism in 1953 but ten years before, due to the difficulties of the organization to adapt to the new European scenario inaugurated in mid-1943 with the deposition of Benito Mussolini and the beginning of the "bourgeois-democratic counterrevolution" from the intervention of the United States during the last years of the war.

IV International, Second World War, Trotskyism, Political Struggle

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This engrossing biography of George IV, king of England from 1820 to 1830, gives a full and objective reassessment of the monarch's character, reputation, and achievement. Previous writers have tended to accept the unfavorable verdicts of the king's contemporaries that he was a dissolute, pleasure-loving dilettante and a feeble and ineffective ruler who was responsible for the decline of the power and reputation of the monarchy in the early nineteenth century. Now E.A. Smith offers a new view of George IV, one that does not minimize the king's faults but focuses on the positive qualities of his achievement in politics and in the patronage of the arts.Smith explores the roots of the king's character and personality, stressing the importance of his relationship with his parents and twelve surviving siblings. He examines the king's important contributions to the cultural enhancement of his capital and his encouragement of the major artistic, literary, and scholarly figures of his time. He reassesses the king's role as constitutional monarch, contending that it was he, rather than Victoria and Albert, who created the constitutional monarchy of nineteenth-century Britain and began the revival of its popularity. Smith's biography not only illuminates the character of one of the most colorful of Britain's rulers but also contributes to the history of the British monarchy and its role in the nation's life.

Regency --- George --- Great Britain --- History --- Kings and rulers --- Biography. --- George IV --- George III (1760-1820) --- George IV 1820-1830 --- Biography --- GEORGE IV, ROI DE GRANDE-BRETAGNE (1820-1830) --- GRANDE-BRETAGNE --- BIOGRAPHIE --- HISTOIRE --- 1800-1837

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A Crónica de 1344, da autoria de Pedro de Barcelos, filho natural do rei D. Dinis de Portugal, é uma das mais emblemáticas obras da cultura ibérica do século XIV, com larga fortuna em Portugal e em Castela ao longo dos séculos seguintes. Teve, porém, uma transmissão textual atribulada – passando por uma reformulação por volta de 1400, seguida de uma abreviação e continuação pouco antes de 1460, além de sucessivas traduções para castelhano – da qual resultou uma tradição manuscrita bilingue e lacunar onde não se conta nenhum testemunho português da crónica original. Estas circunstâncias tiveram consequências na difusão editorial do texto. Apesar de a obra ter sido objecto de duas edições críticas, a sua secção final, contemplando os reinados castelhanos de Afonso X a Afonso XI, permanece inédita. De facto, Lindley Cintra publicou, entre 1954 e 1990, o texto português da reformulação c. 1400, que termina em Fernando III; quanto a Diego Catalán, deu à estampa, em 1970, a secção inicial da crónica original, radicalmente alterada pela reformulação e que subsiste apenas em tradução castelhana. Desta forma, a secção da Crónica de 1344 posterior à morte de Fernando III, cujo texto integral se conserva também apenas em castelhano, continua confinada aos manuscritos. O presente trabalho vai dar a conhecer esse relato de um passado recente, que documenta uma visão privilegiada das relações entre os reinos peninsulares nesse conturbado período da história ibérica e constitui uma peça chave no complexo entrecruzamento de textos historiográficos medievais em galego-português e em castelhano. Investigação conduzida no quadro do projecto “Pedro de Barcelos e a monarquia castelhano-leonesa: estudo e edição da secção final inédita da Crónica de 1344” (XPL/CPC-ELT/1300/2013), financiado pela FCT e pelo COMPET.

Arts & Humanities --- Literature, Romance --- monarquia castelhana --- Afonso X --- Afonso XI --- Crónica de 1344 --- Fernando IV --- historiografía --- Salado --- Sancho IV --- historiographie --- Pedro de Barcelos

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The underlying theme of Three Centuries of Greek Culture under the Roman Empire is the idea that, under Roman rule, Greek culture was still alive and dynamic and continued to exert a degree of cultural domination, either real or apparent. So, we hope to analyse the meanings of concepts such as “Greek” or “Greece” in the Empire. Are we right to assume that there was a clear opposition between Greek and Roman? Or would it be more accurate to speak of a “Graeco-Roman world”? It would certainly be possible to make a list of “elements of identity”, on both sides —Greek and Roman—, but, in this case, where should the borders between identity and community be placed? Three Centuries of Greek Culture under the Roman Empire presents several approaches to the period between the second and fourth centuries AD from a variety of angles, perspectives and disciplines. Until now, this time has usually been considered to be the junction of the decline between the classical world and the emergence of the medieval world; however, this book establishes a basis for considering the Imperial period as a specific stage in cultural, historical and social development with a distinct personality of its own.

Etnicitat --- Literatura grega --- Imperi Romà, 284-476 --- Grècia --- Segle II-segle IV