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Abstract

The comparative approach takes advantage of the biological diversity to select the most appropriate model organism to tackle a scientific question. Comparisons between the endocrine and nervous systems across species have yielded major breakthroughs in endocrinology and neurobiology. For instance: a number of mammalian peptide hormones and neuropeptides have been originally identified in fish or amphibians; studies conducted in a sea slug founded the cellular and molecular basis of learning and memory; observations of neurogenesis in the forebrain of songbirds led to the discovery of adult neurogenesis in the mammalian brain. These examples illustrate the remarkable contribution of the comparative approach for the advancement of neuroendocrinological concepts. The present e-book is a unique collection of research articles and reviews that provide a representative overview of the latest developments in comparative endocrinology and neurobiology.

Keywords

G protein-coupled receptors --- endocrine disruptors --- biological rythms --- steroids --- peptide hormones and neuropeptides --- melatonin --- behavior --- reproduction

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The human genome encompasses ≈ 860 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) including 374 non-chemosensory GPCRs. Half of these latter GPCRs recognize (neuro)peptides as natural ligands. GPCRs thus play a pivotal role in neuroendocrine communication. In particular, GPCRs are involved in the neuroendocrine control of feeding behavior, reproduction, growth, hydromineral homeostasis and stress response. GPCRs are also major drug targets and hence possess a strong potential for the development of innovative pharmaceuticals. The aim of this Research Topic is to assemble a series of review articles and original research papers on neuropeptide GPCRs and their ligands that will illustrate the different facets of the studies currently conducted in this domain.

Keywords

Neuroendocrinology. --- Neuropharmacology. --- Endocrinology. --- Transduction pathways --- G protein-coupled receptors --- Neuroendocrinology --- Heptahelical receptors --- Neuropeptides --- Signaling mechanisms --- Biologically active peptides --- seven-transmembrane domain receptors

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Since Erspamer and Boretti, 1951 first described the biogenic amine octopamine in the octopus salivary gland as a molecule with “adrenaline-like” action, decades of extensive studies demonstrated the important role octopamine and its precursor tyramine play in invertebrate physiology and behavior. This book contains the latest original research papers on tyramine/octopamine and their receptors in different neuronal and non-neuronal circuits of insects.

Additonally, this book elucidates in detail the latest research on the function of other biogenic amines and their receptors, such as dopamine and serotonin in insects and mice. The reviews in this book summarize the most recent research on the role of biogenic amines in insect antennae, synaptic development, and behavioral modulation by spontaneous dopamine release in Drosophila. Finally, one perspective paper discusses the evolution of social behavior and biogenic amines.

We recommend this book for all scholars interested in the latest advanced research on the role of biogenic amines in animal behavior.

ITS dedicates the topic to her teacher, Plotnikova Svetlana Ivanovna (1922-2013).

Keywords

octopamine --- Apis mellifera --- olfactory learning and memory --- serotonin --- G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) --- type I and II synaptic boutons --- Drosophila --- neural circuits --- tyramine --- dopamine

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Keywords

G proteins --- Receptors. --- G proteins. --- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled. --- G-Protein-Coupled Receptors --- G Protein Coupled Receptors --- Receptors, G Protein Coupled --- GTP-binding proteins --- GTP regulatory proteins --- Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins --- Guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins --- Membrane proteins --- G Protein Coupled Receptor --- G-Protein-Coupled Receptor --- Receptor, G-Protein-Coupled

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Although sphingolipids are ubiquitous components of cellular membranes, their abundance in cells is generally lower than glycerolipids or cholesterol, representing less than 20% of total lipid mass. Following their discovery in the brain—which contains the largest amounts of sphingolipids in the body—and first description in 1884 by J.L.W. Thudichum, sphingolipids have been overlooked for almost a century, perhaps due to their complexity and enigmatic nature. When sphingolipidoses were discovered, a series of inherited diseases caused by enzyme mutations involved in sphingolipid degradation returned to the limelight. The essential breakthrough came decades later, in the 1990s, with the discovery that sphingolipids were not just structural elements of cellular membranes but intra- and extracellular signaling molecules. It turned out that their lipid backbones, including ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate, had selective physiological functions. Thus, sphingolipids emerged as essential players in several pathologies including cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, and autoimmune diseases. The present volume reflects upon the unexpectedly eclectic functions of sphingolipids in health, disease, and therapy. This fascinating lipid class will continue to be the subject of up-and-coming future discoveries, especially with regard to new therapeutic strategies.

Keywords

S1P receptor --- inflammation --- S1P transporter --- spinster homolog 2 --- barrier dysfunction --- anxiety --- depression --- sphingolipids --- sphingomyelinase --- ceramidase --- Smpd1 --- acid sphingomyelinase --- forebrain --- depressive-like behavior --- anxiety-like behavior --- ceramide --- ceramides --- ceramidases --- neurodegenerative diseases --- infectious diseases --- sphingosine 1-phoshate --- sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor --- S1P1–5 --- sphingosine 1-phosphate metabolism --- sphingosine 1-phosphate antagonistst/inhibitors --- sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling --- stroke --- multiple sclerosis --- neurodegeneration --- fingolimod --- Sphingosine-1-phosphate --- obesity --- type 2 diabetes --- insulin resistance --- pancreatic β cell fate --- hypothalamus --- sphingosine-1-phosphate --- ischemia/reperfusion --- cardioprotection --- vasoconstriction --- coronary flow --- myocardial function --- myocardial infarct --- albumin --- type 1 diabetes --- beta-cells --- islets --- insulin --- cytokines --- S1P --- animal models --- cystic fibrosis --- autophagy --- myriocin --- Aspergillus fumigatus --- CLN3 disease --- Cln3Δex7/8 mice --- flupirtine --- allyl carbamate derivative --- apoptosis --- cancer --- gangliosides --- immunotherapy --- metastasis --- phenotype switching --- sphingosine 1-phosphate --- Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) --- S1P-lyase (SGPL1) --- tau --- calcium --- histone acetylation --- hippocampus --- cortex --- astrocytes --- neurons --- sphingosine kinase --- G-protein-coupled receptors --- Gαq/11 --- n/a --- sphingosine kinase 1 --- SK1 --- microRNA --- transcription factor --- hypoxia --- long non-coding RNA --- S1P1-5