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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Biome --- ecosystem function --- functional traits --- vegetation --- evolutionary history --- Biogeographic history --- Biome transitions

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Trees are among the longest-living organisms. They are sensitive to extreme climatic events and document the effects of environmental changes in form of structural modifications of their tissues. These modifications represent an integrated signal of complex biological responses enforced by the environment. For example, temporal change in stem increment integrates multiple information of tree performance, and wood anatomical traits may be altered by climatic extremes or environmental stress. Recent developments in preparative tools and computational image analysis enable to quantify changes in wood anatomical features, like vessel density or vessel size. Thus, impacts on their functioning can be related to climatic forcing factors. Similarly, new developments in monitoring (cambial) phenology and mechanistic modelling are enlightening the interrelationships between environmental factors, wood formation and tree performance and mortality. Quantitative wood anatomy is a reliable indicator of drought occurrence during the growing season, and therefore has been studied intensively in recent years. The variability in wood anatomy not only alters the biological and hydraulic functioning of a tree, but may also influence the technological properties of wood, with substantial impacts in forestry. On a larger scale, alterations of sapwood and phloem area and their ratios to other functional traits provide measures to detect changes in a tree’s life functions, and increasing risk of drought-induced mortality with possible impacts on hydrological processes and species composition of plant communities. Genetic variability within and across populations is assumed to be crucial for species survival in an unpredictable future world. The magnitude of genetic variation and heritability of adaptive traits might define the ability to adapt to climate change. Is there a relation between genetic variability and resilience to climate change? Is it possible to link genetic expression and climate change to obtain deeper knowledge of functional genetics? To derive precise estimates of genetic determinism it is important to define adaptive traits in wood properties and on a whole-tree scale. Understanding the mechanisms ruling these processes is fundamental to assess the impact of extreme climate events on forest ecosystems, and to provide realistic scenarios of tree responses to changing climates. Wood is also a major carbon sink with a long-term residence, impacting the global carbon cycle. How well do we understand the link between wood growth dynamics, wood carbon allocation and the global carbon cycle? Papers contribution to this Research Topic will cover a wide range of ecosystems. However, special relevance will be given to Mediterranean-type areas. These involve coastal regions of four continents, making Mediterranean-type ecosystems extremely interesting for investigating the potential impacts of global change on growth and for studying responses of woody plants under extreme environmental conditions. For example, the ongoing trend towards warmer temperatures and reduced precipitation can increase the susceptibility to fire and pests. The EU-funded COST Action STREeSS (Studying Tree Responses to extreme Events: a SynthesiS) addresses such crucial tree biological and forest ecological issues by providing a collection of important methodological and scientific insights, about the current state of knowledge, and by opinions for future research needs.

Tree response --- Genetic plasticity --- mechanistic modeling --- wood functional traits --- Extreme climate events --- Ecophysiology --- Manipulation experiments --- forest management

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This book re-explores research topics related to the relationships between urban and rural areas during the COVID-19 pandemic period in 2020 and beyond. We revisit the roles and values of the components of agricultural lands and forestlands—as well as urban ones—from the perspective of green–blue infrastructure.

urban green area --- Sihwa Industrial Complex --- air pollutants --- PM reduction --- atmospheric mixing height --- wind speed --- resin collection --- red pines --- wounds --- panel hacksaw method --- conventional chisel method --- backyard forest --- functional traits --- livelihood --- nesting guild --- pungsu --- mobility --- vegetation --- green space --- sustainability --- social media --- disease prevention --- green area --- accessibility --- COVID-19 --- green infrastructure --- Japan --- blue carbon ecosystems --- coral triangle --- Philippines --- Indonesia --- local perceptions --- subjective well-being --- happiness --- policy indicator --- forest policy --- n/a

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The concept of Nature-based Solutions (NbS) is becoming increasingly relevant in international and European policy frameworks. In March 2022, the fifth session of the United Nations Assembly for the Environment (UNEA-5) adopted a formal “Resolution on Nature-based Solutions NbS for Supporting Sustainable Development”, in which an agreed definition of NbS was given, recognizing their important role in the global response to climate change and its social, economic, and environmental effects. Forest ecosystems, including natural forests, managed forests, agroforestry systems, and urban and peri-urban forests, can be considered as multifunctional NbS, delivering key ecosystem services to people and supporting biodiversity. However, for the effective implementation and mainstreaming of forests as NbS, several research gaps still need to be addressed.This collection of papers presents relevant results from scientific researchers about the ecosystem services provided by forests in natural and urban contexts, encompassing not only providing services, but also regulation and maintenance services, such as carbon and air pollution sink, as well as recreational services. The impacts of environmental changes on forest multifunctionality and services provision are also investigated. Case studies for monetary valuation, willingness to pay for ecosystem services, and cost/benefit analyses are presented. The potential trade-offs and synergies between services, which might result from different stakeholders’ perspective and management strategies, are identified and critically discussed, adopting a science–policy interface approach.

Research & information: general --- Environmental economics --- climate change mitigation and adaptation --- air quality --- water quality --- recreation --- plant functional traits --- land-use planning --- forest management and restoration --- protected areas --- monetary valuation and accounting --- socio-economic benefits --- air purification --- deliberation --- forest ecosystems --- economic valuation --- social valuation --- crown conditions --- delayed mortality --- heat and drought waves --- long-term monitoring --- ICP Forests --- crown recovery --- economic value --- recreational services --- tourist satisfaction --- national forest parks --- ecosystem services --- national nature reserve --- spatiotemporal dynamics --- trade-off --- synergy --- human health --- human well-being --- urban sustainability --- green deal --- urban forests --- green roofs --- multifunctionality --- SOFRs --- FMI --- carbon sink --- efficiency --- GIS --- RS --- carbon neutrality --- air pollution removal --- carbon sequestration --- auction price --- payments for ecosystem services --- Xin’an River Basin

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This Open Access volume aims to methodologically improve our understanding of biodiversity by linking disciplines that incorporate remote sensing, and uniting data and perspectives in the fields of biology, landscape ecology, and geography. The book provides a framework for how biodiversity can be detected and evaluated—focusing particularly on plants—using proximal and remotely sensed hyperspectral data and other tools such as LiDAR. The volume, whose chapters bring together a large cross-section of the biodiversity community engaged in these methods, attempts to establish a common language across disciplines for understanding and implementing remote sensing of biodiversity across scales. The first part of the book offers a potential basis for remote detection of biodiversity. An overview of the nature of biodiversity is described, along with ways for determining traits of plant biodiversity through spectral analyses across spatial scales and linking spectral data to the tree of life. The second part details what can be detected spectrally and remotely. Specific instrumentation and technologies are described, as well as the technical challenges of detection and data synthesis, collection and processing. The third part discusses spatial resolution and integration across scales and ends with a vision for developing a global biodiversity monitoring system. Topics include spectral and functional variation across habitats and biomes, biodiversity variables for global scale assessment, and the prospects and pitfalls in remote sensing of biodiversity at the global scale.

Biodiversity. --- Remote sensing. --- Plant science. --- Botany. --- Ecosystems. --- Plant ecology. --- Environmental monitoring. --- Remote Sensing/Photogrammetry. --- Plant Sciences. --- Plant Ecology. --- Monitoring/Environmental Analysis. --- Biomonitoring (Ecology) --- Ecological monitoring --- Environmental quality --- Monitoring, Environmental --- Applied ecology --- Environmental engineering --- Pollution --- Botany --- Phytoecology --- Plants --- Vegetation ecology --- Ecology --- Biocenoses --- Biocoenoses --- Biogeoecology --- Biological communities --- Biomes --- Biotic community ecology --- Communities, Biotic --- Community ecology, Biotic --- Ecological communities --- Ecosystems --- Natural communities --- Population biology --- Botanical science --- Phytobiology --- Phytography --- Phytology --- Plant biology --- Plant science --- Biology --- Natural history --- Biological diversification --- Biological diversity --- Biotic diversity --- Diversification, Biological --- Diversity, Biological --- Biocomplexity --- Ecological heterogeneity --- Numbers of species --- Remote-sensing imagery --- Remote sensing systems --- Remote terrain sensing --- Sensing, Remote --- Terrain sensing, Remote --- Aerial photogrammetry --- Aerospace telemetry --- Detectors --- Space optics --- Measurement --- Monitoring --- Floristic botany --- Floristic ecology --- Biodiversity --- Remote Sensing/Photogrammetry --- Plant Sciences --- Plant Ecology --- Monitoring/Environmental Analysis --- Plant Science --- Environmental Monitoring --- Remote detection of biodiversity --- Retrieving functional traits from spectra --- Community assembly --- Spectral diversity --- Leaf optical properties --- Hyperspectral field data collection and processing --- Spatial resolution and integration across scales --- Micro and macroscopic structure of leaves --- Detection of disease and decline in forests --- Ocean and aquatic biodiversity --- Open Access --- Geographical information systems & remote sensing --- Botany & plant sciences --- Ecological science, the Biosphere --- Environmental monitoring