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Since the discovery of crown ethers by Pedersen in 1967, several thousands of crown ethers and analogous compounds have been synthesized. Their specific characteristics have been investigated and a variety of applications developed. These developments have led to new fields of chemistry called host-guest chemistry and supramolecular chemistry. This book presents the state-of-the-art of the chemistry of crown ethers and analogous compounds. The first chapter provides an orientation in the new fields of chemistry. Chapter 2 reviews advances in synthetic procedures for crown ethers and analogous

Crown ethers. --- Macromolecules. --- Molecules --- Supramolecular chemistry --- Macrocyclic polyethers --- Ethers --- Ionophores --- Ligands --- Macrocyclic compounds

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The catalytic epoxidation of olefins plays an important role in the industrial production of several commodity compounds, as well as in the synthesis of many intermediates, fine chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. The scale of production ranges from millions of tons per year to a few grams per year. The diversity of catalysts is large and encompasses all the known categories of catalyst type: homogeneous, heterogeneous, and biological. This book summarizes the current status in these fields concentrating on rates, kinetics, and reaction mechanisms, but also covers broad topics including modeli

Catalysis --- Epoxy compounds --- Alkenes --- Catalysis. --- Epoxy compounds. --- Alkenes. --- Ethene series --- Ethylene series --- Olefines --- Olefins --- Hydrocarbons --- Epoxides --- Epoxy resins --- Ethers --- Activation (Chemistry) --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Surface chemistry

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Information on bioactive ether lipids and their involvement in neurological disorders is currently scattered throughout the literature in the form of original papers and reviews. Metabolism and Functions of Bioactive Ether Lipids in the Brain provides readers with a comprehensive description of metabolism of bioactive ether lipids in the brain, activities of enzymes involved in their metabolism, and their involvement in neurological disorders. This book will be particularly useful to neuroscience graduate students, academics, and researchers. Clinicians will find this book useful for understanding molecular aspects of neurodegeneration in acute neural trauma and neurodegenerative diseases that are mediated by plamalogen-selective phospholipases A2 and PAF acetyl hydrolases. This monograph is the first to provide a comprehensive description of not only metabolism and role of plasmalogen and platelet activating factor in brain tissue but also the involvement of these lipids with abnormal signal transduction processes in neurological disorders. Key Features • Provides the neuroscience community with extensive description of ether lipids-derived lipid mediators their roles and association with neurological disorders • Particular attention given to the description of keys enzymes associated with the generation of ether lipid-derived lipid mediators • Illustrated with chemical structures and line diagrams of signal transduction pathways • Discusses the future direction of research on ether lipid metabolism About the Authors Akhlaq A. Farooqui is a leader in the field of bioactive ether lipids, glutamate-mediated neurotoxicity, and brain phospholipases A2. In collaboration with late Dr. Lloyd A. Horrocks, he discovered a plasmalogen-selective phospholipase A2 in brain and showed its stimulation in kainate-mediated neurotoxicity and brain tissue from patients with Alzheimer disease. He has also found a decrease in plasmalogen levels in brain from Alzheimer’s disease patients. This decrease in plasmalogens is due to the stimulation of phospholipases A2. Akhlaq A. Farooqui has authored two monographs, Glycerophospholipids in Brain: Phospholipase A2 in Neurological Disorders (Springer, 2006) and Neurochemical Aspects of Excitotoxicity (Springer, 2007). Tahira Farooqui is an expert on glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid metabolism and neural plasticity. She has published extensively on molecular mechanism of neuroinflammation, interactions between glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid-derived lipid mediators, and neural plasticity in the brain.

Ether lipids --- Brain --- Neurochemistry. --- Metabolism. --- Diseases --- Molecular aspects. --- Cerebrum --- Mind --- Central nervous system --- Head --- Biochemistry --- Neurosciences --- Lipid ethers --- Ethers --- Lipids --- Neurosciences. --- Neurology. --- Biochemistry. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Medical Biochemistry. --- Medicine --- Nervous system --- Neuropsychiatry --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Composition --- Neurology . --- Medical biochemistry. --- Medical biochemistry --- Pathobiochemistry --- Pathological biochemistry --- Pathology

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Heterogeneous catalysis played, plays, and will continue to play, a major key role in industrial processes for large-scale synthesis of commodity chemicals of global importance, and in catalytic systems that possess a critical role in energy generation and environmental protection approaches. As a result of the ongoing progress in materials science, nanotechnology, and characterizations, great advances have been achieved in heterogeneous catalysis by nanomaterials. Efficient approaches and advanced methods for the design of nano-structured composite materials (up to atomic level), subject to specific nano-morphologies with enhanced metal–metal and metal–support interactions favorable for catalysis (that enable fine-tuning of the critical properties of the designed catalysts), provide optimized catalysts with outstanding performances in numerous eco-friendly and cost-effective applications. Accordingly, great progress has been achieved involving, for example, emissions control, waste treatment, photocatalytic, bio-refinery, CO2 utilization, and fuel cells applications, as well as hydrocarbon processing for H2, added-value chemicals, and liquid fuels production. The themed Special Issue has succeeded in collecting 10 high-quality contributions that cover recent research progress in the field for a variety of applications (e.g., environment, energy, added-value chemicals/organics synthesis, and bio-transformation) declaring the prospect and importance of nanomaterials in all the directions of heterogeneous catalysis.

n/a --- B-doped --- polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers --- porous carbon --- self-catalytic pyrolysis --- visible light --- heterostructure --- oxygen vacancies --- TiO2 nanotube --- thiadiazoles --- ethylidenethiosemicarbazides --- adsorption --- dimethoxymethane --- nano-biocatalyst --- heterogeneous catalysis --- bio-catalysis --- H2 evolution --- carbon cuboids --- trioxymethylene --- ?-glucosidase --- metal-organic frameworks --- Brønsted acid sites --- hybrid --- MXene --- oleuropein --- Rhodamine B --- antibiotics --- maleic anhydride --- oxygen evolution reaction --- photocatalyst --- 2-methyl-3-butennitrile --- halide perovskite --- zeolites --- electrospinning --- Rh --- Ti3C2Tx --- heterostructures --- hydroxytyrosol --- metal–organic frameworks --- photocatalysis --- Ni/ZrO2 --- the maximum included sphere --- functionalized olefin --- selective hydrogenation --- thiazoles --- oxidation --- visible-light --- red P --- chitosan-MgO nanocomposite --- ZnO --- g-C3N4/TiO2 --- hydroformylation --- steric constraint

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Even in ancient times, semi-solid preparations for cutaneous application, popularly known as ointments, played an important role in human society. An advanced scientific investigation of “ointments” as dosage forms was initiated in the 1950s. It was only from then on that the intensive physico-chemical characterization of ointments as well as the inclusion of dermatological aspects led to a comprehensive understanding of the various interactions between the vehicle, the active ingredient and the skin. From then on, many researchers were involved in optimizing semi-solid formulations with respect to continuously changing therapeutic and patient needs. Aspects that have been dealt with were the optimization of dermato-biopharmaceutical properties and many different issues related to patient compliance, such as skin tolerance, applicability, and cosmetic appeal. Moreover, processing technology has been improved and analytical techniques were developed and refined in order to enable the improved characterization of the formulation itself as well as its interaction with the skin. This Special Issue serves to highlight and capture the contemporary progress and current research on semi-solid formulations as dermal drug delivery systems. We invite articles on all aspects of semi-solid formulations, highlighting the research currently undertaken to improve and better understand these complex drug delivery systems with respect to their formulation, processing and characterization issues.

dermal drug delivery --- diffusion cell --- Franz diffusion --- Skin-PAMPA --- Strat-M® membrane --- nanocarrier --- nonivamide --- methyl cellulose --- skin penetration --- substantivity --- thermogel --- tacrolimus formulation --- nanogels --- drug delivery --- human excised skin --- Jurkat cells --- in situ hydrogel-forming powder --- nitric oxide-releasing formulation --- S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) --- antibacterial --- wound dressing --- wound healing --- dermal delivery --- porcine skin --- in vitro permeation --- methadone --- pain --- in vitro --- permeation --- niacinamide --- solvent --- PAMPA --- skin --- curcumin --- deformable liposomes --- liposome surface charge --- hydrogel --- chitosan --- wound therapy --- IVRT --- metronidazole --- topical cream --- semisolid dosage forms --- sameness --- FDA’s SUPAC-SS guidance --- acceptance criteria --- positive and negative controls --- discriminatory ability --- Amphotericin B --- Sepigel 305® --- Leishmania infantum --- cutaneous leishmaniasis --- topical treatment --- birch bark extract --- oleogels --- hydrogen bonding --- triterpene --- rheology --- gel strength --- eosinophilic esophagitis --- budesonide --- xanthan gum --- guar gum --- mucoadhesion --- esophagus permeability --- rheological characterization --- pediatric medicine --- compounded preparation --- non-ionic emulsifiers --- intercellular lipids --- confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRS) --- polyethylene glycol alkyl ethers --- polyethylene glycol sorbitan fatty acid esters --- n/a --- FDA's SUPAC-SS guidance