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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact
methane --- methanotrophs --- electron transfer --- bioreactor --- value addition and sustainability
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The primary function of mitochondria is respiration, where the catabolism of substrates is coupled to ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation. In plants, mitochondrial composition is relatively complex and flexible and has specific pathways to support photosynthetic processes in illuminated leaves. Plant mitochondria also play important roles in a variety of cellular processes associated with carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur metabolism. Research on plant mitochondria has rapidly developed in the last few decades with the availability of the genome sequences for a wide range of model and crop plants. Recent prominent themes in plant mitochondrial research include linking mitochondrial composition to environmental stress responses, and how this oxidative stress impacts on the plant mitochondrial function. Similarly, interest in the signaling capacity of mitochondria, the role of reactive oxygen species, and retrograde and anterograde signaling has revealed the transcriptional changes of stress responsive genes as a framework to define specific signals emanating to and from the mitochondrion. There has also been considerable interest in the unique RNA metabolic processes in plant mitochondria, including RNA transcription, RNA editing, the splicing of group I and group II introns, and RNA degradation and translation. Despite their identification more than 100 years ago, plant mitochondria remain a significant area of research in the plant sciences. This Special Issue, “Plant Mitochondria”, will cover a selection of recent research topics and timely review articles in the field of plant mitochondrial research.
signaling --- plant mitochondria --- electron transfer chain --- ATP synthesis --- respiration --- oxidative stress --- RNA metabolism
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Microbial electrochemical systems (MESs, also known as bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) are promising technologies for energy and products recovery coupled with wastewater treatment, and have attracted increasing attention. Many studies have been conducted to expand the application of MESs for contaminants degradation and bioremediation, and increase the efficiency of electricity production by optimizing architectural structure of MESs, developing new electrode materials, etc. However, one of the big challenges for researchers to overcome, before MESs can be used commercially, is to improve the performance of the biofilm on electrodes so that ‘electron transfer’ can be enhanced. This would lead to greater production of electricity, energy or other products. Electrochemically active microorganisms (EAMs) are a group of microorganisms which are able to release electrons from inside their cells to an electrode or accept electrons from an electron donor. The way in which EAMs do this is called ‘extracellular electron transfer’ (EET). So far, two EET mechanisms have been identified: direct electron transfer from microorganisms physically attached to an electrode, and indirect electron transfer from microorganisms that are not physically attached to an electrode. 1) Direct electron transfer between microorganisms and electrode can occur in two ways: a) when there is physical contact between outer membrane structures of the microbial cell and the surface of the electrode, b) when electrons are transferred between the microorganism and the electrode through tiny projections (called pili or nanowires) that extend from the outer membrane of the microorganism and attach themselves to the electrode. 2) Indirect transfer of electrons from the microorganisms to an electrode occurs via long-range electron shuttle compounds that may be naturally present (in wastewater, for example), or may be produced by the microorganisms themselves. The electrochemically active biofilm, which degrades contaminants and produces electricity in MESs, consists of diverse community of EAMs and other microorganisms. However, up to date only a few EAMs have been identified, and most studies on EET have focused on the two model species of Shewanella oneidensis and Geobacter sulfurreducens.
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Redox reactions are central to the major element cycling, many cell cycles, many chemisorption and physisorption processes, trace element mobility from rocks and sediments toward wells, aquifers, trace element toxicity toward life forms, and most remediation schemes including water treatments; over the last three decades, the field has attracted a lot of scientists, and a great deal of researches has been done in redox chemistry. This book provides a very broad overview of the state of the art of understanding redox processes, which starts with giving a concise introduction that describes the origin, historical background, and the development of the redox definitions. The book is organized into two sections that include ten chapters and introduces, in Section 1, generalized electron balance theory and its applications in electrolytic redox systems, redox-active molecules and its applications in device memory, fundamentals and applications of flow batteries and their integration into antidirect current, and donor acceptor titrations of displacement and electronic transference. Section 2 introduces redox in biological processes, including roles of reactive oxygen species in respiration, metabolism, and regulations, and redox in physiological processes as redox-sensitive TRP channels TRPA1 and TRPM2. All chapters are written by different authors (with the exception of Chapter 1 [Introduction]). This clearly reflects the broad range of topics that have been covered by experts in the field.
Oxidation-reduction reaction. --- Electron transfer reaction --- Oxido-reduction --- Redox reaction --- Chemical reactions --- Physical Sciences --- Engineering and Technology --- Chemistry --- Physical Chemistry --- Electrochemistry
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Redox regulation, like phosphorylation, is a covalent regulatory system that controls many of the normal cellular functions of all living cells and organisms. In addition, it controls how cells respond to stress involving oxidants and free radicals, which underlie many degenerative diseases. This area is undergoing a transition from general knowledge to specific description of the components and mechanisms involved. This invaluable book provides a timely basic description of a field whose relevance to cell biology and degenerative diseases is of the utmost importance. It describes the state
Oxidation-reduction reaction. --- Photochemistry. --- Light --- Photolysis (Chemistry) --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Electron transfer reaction --- Oxido-reduction --- Redox reaction --- Chemical reactions --- Chemical action
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The increasing demand for energy worldwide, currently evaluated at 13 terawatts per year, has triggered a surge in research on alternative energy sources more sustainable and environmentally friendly. Bio-catalyzed electrochemical systems (BESs) are a rapidly growing biotechnology for sustainable production of bioenergy and/or value-added bioproducts using microorganisms as catalysts for bioelectrochemical reactions at the electrode surface. In the last decades, this biotechnology has been intensively studied and developed as a flexible and practical platform for multiple applications such as electricity production, wastewater treatment, pollutants remediation, desalination and production of biogas, biofuels, or other commodities. BESs could have a critical impact on societies in many spheres of activity and become one of the solutions to reform our petroleum-based economy. However, BESs research has so far been limited to lab scale with the notable exceptions of pilot scale microbial fuel cells for brewery and winery wastewater treatment coupled with electricity generation. In general, more knowledge has to be acquired to overcome the issues that are stymieing BESs development and commercialization. For example, it is critical to understand better microbial physiology including the mechanisms responsible for the transfer of electrons between the microbes and the electrodes to start optimizing the systems in a more rational manner. There are many BES processes and for each one of them there is a multitude of biological and electrochemical specifications to investigate and adjust such as the nature of the microbial platform, electrode materials, the reactor design, the substrate, the medium composition, and the operating conditions. The ultimate goal is to develop highly energy efficient BESs with a positive footprint on the environment while maintaining low cost and generating opportunities to create value. BESs are complex systems developed with elements found in multiple fields of science such as microbiology, molecular biology, bioinformatics, biochemistry, electrochemistry, material science and environmental engineering. Given the high volume of research activities going on in the field of BESs today, this e-book explores the current challenges, the more recent progresses, and the future perspectives of BESs technologies. The BESs discussed here include microbial fuel cells, microbial electrolysis cells, microbial electrosynthesis cells, microbial electroremediation cells, etc.
Microbial Electrosynthesis --- bioremediation --- C-type cytochromes --- Biocathode --- extracellular electron transfer --- Microbial fuel cell --- Microbial catalyst --- Bioanode --- bioelectrochemical system --- Microbial fuel cells.
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Featuring a mild process and high selectivity, enzyme bioelectrocatalysis employing oxidoreductases immobilized on conductive surfaces is playing an increasingly vital role across a wide scope of applications. Enzyme bioelectrocatalysis is key for devices such as biosensors and biofuel cells, which are attracting considerable attention towards sustainable sensing and energy production. A wide range of sophisticated reactions, such as chiral compound synthesis and CO2 and N2 fixation, can be accomplished with enzyme bioelectrocatalysis. Last but not least, redox enzymes are sources of inspiration for new non-noble metal electrocatalysts. The “Enzymatic Bioelectrocatalysis” Special Issue comprises six reviews contributed by research groups from different countries, covering fundamentals and applications, as well as the recent research progress in this field.
bioelectrocatalysts --- oxidoreductases --- biocatalytic reactors --- electrochemical reactors --- bioelectrocatalysis --- nanostructured electrodes --- protein engineering --- bioelectrosynthesis --- photo-bioelectrocatalysis --- membrane protein --- electrode modification --- biofuel cells --- photosynthesis --- liposomes --- hybrid vesicles --- microbial electrosynthesis --- direct electron transfer --- orientation --- carbon nanomaterials --- surface modification --- self-assembled molecular monolayers --- electron transfer --- oxidoreductase --- gold electrode --- metallic nanostructures --- enzyme --- metalloenzyme --- catalysis --- stability --- electrochemistry --- bioelectrochemistry --- n/a
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An exploration of the concepts, basic theories and applications of nonadiabatic transition. Nonadiabatic transition is a multidisciplinary concept and phenomenon, constituting a fundamental mechanism of state and phase changes in various dynamical processes of physics, chemistry and biology.
Charge exchange. --- Phase transformations (Statistical physics) --- Phase changes (Statistical physics) --- Phase transitions (Statistical physics) --- Phase rule and equilibrium --- Statistical physics --- Electron transfer --- Exchange, Charge --- Transfer, Electron --- Charge transfer --- Collisions (Nuclear physics) --- Nonadiabatic transition
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Nonadiabatic transition is a highly multidisciplinary concept and phenomenon, constituting a fundamental mechanism of state and phase changes in various dynamical processes of physics, chemistry and biology, such as molecular dynamics, energy relaxation, chemical reaction, and electron and proton transfer. Control of molecular processes by laser fields is also an example of time-dependent nonadiabatic transition. In this new edition, the original chapters are updated to facilitate enhanced understanding of the concept and applications. Three new chapters - comprehension of nonadiabatic chemica
Charge exchange. --- Phase transformations (Statistical physics) --- Phase changes (Statistical physics) --- Phase transitions (Statistical physics) --- Phase rule and equilibrium --- Statistical physics --- Electron transfer --- Exchange, Charge --- Transfer, Electron --- Charge transfer --- Collisions (Nuclear physics)
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The successful commercialization of advanced energy devices, including fuel cells and solar cells (e.g., dye-sensitized solar cells) is somewhat dependent on the cost, activity and durability of the electrocatalysts. Nowadays, precious metal electrodes are the most widely used. Accordingly, the manufacturing costs are relatively high, which constrains wide application. Recently, some reports have introduced some promising non-precious electrocatalysts to be exploited in both oxidation and reduction reactions. It was concluded that immobilization of the functional material on a proper support can distinctly improve catalytic activity. Moreover, due to the synergetic effect, metallic alloy nanoparticles show very good electrocatalytic activity in this regard. This Special Issue aims to cover the most recent progress and the advances in the field of the immobilized non-precious electrocatalysts. This includes, but is not limited to, non-precious electrocatalysts for alcohol (methanol, ethanol, etc.) oxidation, oxygen reduction reaction and electrolyte reduction in dye-sensitized solar cells.
electrocatalysts --- bifunctional catalyst --- graphene --- dopants --- oxygen reduction reaction --- glassy carbon electrode --- metalloporphyrins --- Green Hydrogen --- SO2 electrolysis --- Westinghouse cycle --- carbon shell --- metallosupramolecular polymer --- hollow particles --- doping --- ethanol oxidation reaction --- palladium --- hollow carbon sphere --- alkaline medium --- dye sensitized solar cell --- SnO2-decorated graphene oxide --- counter electrode --- solar energy --- N, O-codoping --- polydopamine --- oxygen reduction --- oxygen evolution --- bifunctional --- electroactive surface area --- electrospinning --- Sn-incorporated Ni/C nanofibers --- Methanol --- Urea --- Cu3.8Ni-nanoalloy --- carbon nanofibers (NFs) --- urea oxidation --- fuel cells --- bilirubin oxidase --- direct electron transfer --- mediated electron transfer --- osmium polymer --- n/a
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