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Pathogenic Escherichia coli strains cause a large number of diseases in humans, including diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic uremic syndrome, urinary tract infections, and neonatal meningitis, while in animals they cause diseases such as calf scours and mastitis in cattle, post-weaning diarrhea and edema disease in pigs, and peritonitis and airsacculitis in chickens. The different E. coli pathotypes are characterized by the presence of specific sets of virulence-related genes. Therefore, it is not surprising that pathogenic E. coli constitutes a genetically heterogeneous family of bacteria, and they are continuing to evolve. Rapid and accurate molecular methods are critically needed to detect and trace pathogenic E. coli in food and animals. They are also needed for epidemiological investigations to enhance food safety, as well as animal and human health and to minimize the size and geographical extent of outbreaks. The serotype of E. coli strains has traditionally been determined using antisera raised against the >180 different O- (somatic) and 53 H- (flagellar) antigens. However, there are many problems associated with serotyping, including: it is labor-intensive and time consuming; cross reactivity of the antisera with different serogroups occurs; antisera are available only in specialized laboratories; and many strains are non-typeable. Molecular serotyping targeting O-group-specific genes within the E. coli O-antigen gene clusters and genes that are involved in encoding for the different flagellar types offers an improved approach for determining the E. coliO- and H-groups. Furthermore, molecular serotyping can be coupled with determination of specific sets of virulence genes carried by the strain offering the possibility to determine O-group, pathotype, and the pathogenic potential simultaneously. Sequencing of the O-antigen gene clusters of all of the known O-groups of E. coli is now complete, and the sequences have been deposited in the GenBank database. The sequence information has revealed that some E. coli serogroups have identical sequences while others have point mutations or insertion sequences and type as different serogroups in serological reactions. There are also a number of other ambiguities in serotyping that need to be resolved. Furthermore, new E. coli O-groups are being identified. Therefore, there is an essential need to resolve these issues and to revise the E. coli serotype nomenclature based on these findings. There are emerging technologies that can potentially be applied for molecular serotyping and detection and characterization of E. coli. On a related topic, the genome sequence of thousands of E. coli strains have been deposited in GenBank, and this information is revealing unique markers such as CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) and virulence gene markers that could be used to identify E. coli pathotypes. Whole genome sequencing now provides the opportunity to study the role of horizontal gene transfer in the evolution and emergence of pathogenic E. coli strains. Whole genome sequencing approaches are being investigated for genotyping and outbreak investigation for regulatory and public health needs; however, there is a need for establishing bioinformatics pipelines able to handle large amounts of data as we move toward the use of genetic approaches for non-culture-based detection and characterization of E. coli and for outbreak investigations.
whole genome sequencing --- detection --- pathogenic E. coli --- E. coli characterization --- Molecular serotyping --- Genetic Markers --- subtyping --- outbreak investigation --- Shiga toxin-producing E. coli --- virulence genes
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Pathogenic Escherichia coli strains cause a large number of diseases in humans, including diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic uremic syndrome, urinary tract infections, and neonatal meningitis, while in animals they cause diseases such as calf scours and mastitis in cattle, post-weaning diarrhea and edema disease in pigs, and peritonitis and airsacculitis in chickens. The different E. coli pathotypes are characterized by the presence of specific sets of virulence-related genes. Therefore, it is not surprising that pathogenic E. coli constitutes a genetically heterogeneous family of bacteria, and they are continuing to evolve. Rapid and accurate molecular methods are critically needed to detect and trace pathogenic E. coli in food and animals. They are also needed for epidemiological investigations to enhance food safety, as well as animal and human health and to minimize the size and geographical extent of outbreaks. The serotype of E. coli strains has traditionally been determined using antisera raised against the >180 different O- (somatic) and 53 H- (flagellar) antigens. However, there are many problems associated with serotyping, including: it is labor-intensive and time consuming; cross reactivity of the antisera with different serogroups occurs; antisera are available only in specialized laboratories; and many strains are non-typeable. Molecular serotyping targeting O-group-specific genes within the E. coli O-antigen gene clusters and genes that are involved in encoding for the different flagellar types offers an improved approach for determining the E. coli O- and H-groups. Furthermore, molecular serotyping can be coupled with determination of specific sets of virulence genes carried by the strain offering the possibility to determine O-group, pathotype, and the pathogenic potential simultaneously. Sequencing of the O-antigen gene clusters of all of the known O-groups of E. coli is now complete, and the sequences have been deposited in the GenBank database. The sequence information has revealed that some E. coli serogroups have identical sequences while others have point mutations or insertion sequences and type as different serogroups in serological reactions. There are also a number of other ambiguities in serotyping that need to be resolved. Furthermore, new E. coli O-groups are being identified. Therefore, there is an essential need to resolve these issues and to revise the E. coli serotype nomenclature based on these findings. There are emerging technologies that can potentially be applied for molecular serotyping and detection and characterization of E. coli. On a related topic, the genome sequence of thousands of E. coli strains have been deposited in GenBank, and this information is revealing unique markers such as CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) and virulence gene markers that could be used to identify E. coli pathotypes. Whole genome sequencing now provides the opportunity to study the role of horizontal gene transfer in the evolution and emergence of pathogenic E. coli strains. Whole genome sequencing approaches are being investigated for genotyping and outbreak investigation for regulatory and public health needs; however, there is a need for establishing bioinformatics pipelines able to handle large amounts of data as we move toward the use of genetic approaches for non-culture-based detection and characterization of E. coli and for outbreak investigations.
whole genome sequencing --- detection --- pathogenic E. coli --- E. coli characterization --- Molecular serotyping --- Genetic Markers --- subtyping --- outbreak investigation --- Shiga toxin-producing E. coli --- virulence genes
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The title of the book ""The Universe of Escherichia coli"" aims to present and emphasize the huge diversity of this bacterial species and our efforts to prevent the E. coli infections. As it is part of the gut microbiota, E. coli is a well-known commensal species, and probiotic E. coli strains are successfully used for improving host's health. Also many ""workhorse"" E. coli strain exist that are employed in laboratory and biotechnology settings. But certain E. coli strains can cause intestinal and also extraintestinal infections at many anatomical sites. Therefore many efforts are undertaken to prevent E. coli infections, among them food safety, vaccines, but also new antimicrobial agents are searched for.
Escherichia coli. --- E. coli (Bacterium) --- Escherichia --- Life Sciences --- Microbiology --- Genetics and Molecular Biology --- Biochemistry --- Bacteriology
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Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is an important foodborne pathogen associated with both outbreaks and sporadic cases of human disease, ranging from uncomplicated diarrhoea to haemorrhagic colitis (HC) and haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). STEC affects children, elderly and immuno-compromised patients. STEC is capable of producing Shiga toxin type 1 (Stx1), type 2 (Stx2) or both, encoded by stx1 and stx2 genes, respectively. These strains are likely to produce putative accessory virulence factors such as intimin (encoded by eae), an enterohaemolysin (EhxA) and an autoagglutinating protein commonly associated with eae-negative strains (Saa), both encoded by an enterohaemorrhagic plasmid. Several studies have confirmed that cattle are the principal reservoir of STEC (O157 and non-O157:H7 serotypes) and many of these serotypes have been involved in HUS and HC outbreaks in other countries. Transmission of STEC to humans occurs through the consumption of undercooked meat, vegetables and water contaminated by faeces of carriers and by person-to-person contact. Diagnostic methods have evolved to avoid selective diagnostics, currently using molecular techniques for typing and subtyping of strains. Control is still a challenge, although there are animal vaccines directed against the serotype O157:H7.
Escherichia coli. --- E. coli (Bacterium) --- Escherichia --- environment --- Cattle --- STEC --- Virulence Factors --- Food
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The 2e of Escherichia coli is a unique, comprehensive analysis of the biology and molecular mechanisms that enable this ubiquitous organism to thrive. Leading investigators in the field discuss the molecular basis of E. coli pathogenesis followed by chapters on genomics and evolution. Detailed descriptions of distinct strains reveal the molecular pathogenesis of each and the causes of intestinal and extra-intestinal infections in humans. This work concludes with a presentation of virulence factors common to two or more pathotypes. The book is a great resource for references and up-to-date know
Escherichia coli infections. --- Escherichia coli. --- Virulence (Microbiology) --- Microbial virulence --- Pathogenic microorganisms --- E. coli (Bacterium) --- Escherichia --- Colibacillosis --- Gram-negative bacterial infections
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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact
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DescriptionAlthough most strains of E. coli bacteria are harmless and live in the intestines of healthy humans and animals, several strains can produce powerful toxins and cause severe illness in humans. This versatile pathogen is best known for being transmitted to humans through contaminated foods - such as undercooked meat and unpasteurized fruit juice - and has attracts much attention when serious outbreaks occur.Importance of TopicE. coli is capable of causing a wide variety of diseases - from urinary tract infections to meningitis. A considerable amount of m
Escherichia coli infections. --- Escherichia coli. --- Virulence (Microbiology) --- Microbial virulence --- Pathogenic microorganisms --- E. coli (Bacterium) --- Escherichia --- Colibacillosis --- Gram-negative bacterial infections --- ESCHERICHIA COLI --- ADHESINS, ESCHERICHIA COLI --- ANTIGENS, BACTERIAL --- SHIGA TOXINS --- HEMOLYSINS --- GENETICS --- PATHOGENICITY --- ULTRASTRUCTURE --- CLASSIFICATION
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Today, the food and water that we encounter in any part of the world could contain antibiotic residues and/or antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This book presents research evidence for this and also a potential way to mitigate the problem. Although not presented in this book, it is likely that this situation exists for all other types of antimicrobial agents as well, including antivirals, antifungals, and antiprotozoal agents. The presence of antibiotic residues and/or antibiotic-resistant bacteria contributes to the generation and propagation of resistance in disease-causing pathogens in humans and animals. Therefore, the medicines that we use to treat and/or prevent infections will not work as expected in many cases. It is estimated that if we do not contain antimicrobial resistance urgently, by 2050, up to 10 million people will die due to bacterial infectious diseases, such as pneumonia, skin infections, urinary tract infections, etc., which were once easily treatable. However, this book presents a system that can eliminate resistant bacteria and antibiotics from the environment, with the potential to work on other environmental microbes and antimicrobials. This book opens pathways for academics and scientists to do further research on antimicrobials and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in various environmental areas and also presents evidence for policymakers to take further action and make the general public aware of the current situation in this context.
antibiotic resistance --- community --- environment --- India --- coliforms --- commensal --- antibiotic resistance genes --- blaCTX-M --- blaTEM --- qepA --- hospital wastewater --- core-shell --- disinfection --- Escherichia coli --- nanoparticles --- pathogens --- silver --- solar-photocatalysis --- Staphylococcus aureus --- water --- zinc oxide --- S. aureus --- beaches --- multiple-antibiotic resistance --- ramA --- efflux pump --- multilocus sequence typing --- surface water --- antibiotics --- pakchoi --- endophytic bacteria --- antibiotic-resistant genes --- hydroponic cultivation --- Campylobacter --- poultry --- antibiotic susceptibility --- Rep-PCR --- cdt toxin --- Acinetobacter --- JDS3 --- river --- carbapenemases --- antimicrobial resistance --- genotypes --- non-typhoidal Salmonella --- genes --- integrons --- subtyping --- ESBL --- MRSA --- VRE --- sewage sludge --- PER-1 --- pathogenic E. coli --- harvested rainwater --- public health --- Sub-Saharan Africa --- alternative water source --- farmer --- veterinary antibiotics use --- knowledge --- behavior probability model --- China --- antibiotics residue --- food animals --- bacteria --- Nigeria --- E. coli --- antibiotic-resistance gene --- MARI --- MARP --- multidrug resistance --- flooring design --- Turkey --- antibacterial resistance --- enrofloxacin --- commensal E. coli --- ESBL-producing E. coli --- β-lactamase genes --- insertion sequences --- antibiotic residues --- aquatic environment --- ciprofloxacin --- Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles --- photocatalysis --- sunlight --- ceragenin --- multidrug-resistant bacteria --- biofilm --- antimicrobial peptides --- colistin --- n/a
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Cell-free synthetic biology is in the spotlight as a powerful and rapid approach to characterize and engineer natural biological systems. The open nature of cell-free platforms brings an unprecedented level of control and freedom for design compared to in vivo systems. This versatile engineering toolkit is used for debugging biological networks, constructing artificial cells, screening protein library, prototyping genetic circuits, developing new drugs, producing metabolites, and synthesizing complex proteins including therapeutic proteins, toxic proteins, and novel proteins containing non-standard (unnatural) amino acids. The book consists of a series of reviews, protocols, benchmarks, and research articles describing the current development and applications of cell-free synthetic biology in diverse areas.
genomically engineered E. coli --- n/a --- in vitro transcription-translation (TX-TL) --- tPa --- tissue plasminogen activator --- in vitro translation --- enzymes --- DNA origami --- antimicrobials --- cell-free metabolic engineering (CFME) --- cell-free transcription-translation --- in vitro protein synthesis --- cell-free metabolic engineering --- E. coli crude extract preparation --- chaperones --- ischemic stroke --- microsomes --- sonication --- cell-free protein synthesis --- growth factors --- artificial cell --- unnatural protein --- cell-free synthetic biology --- rapid prototyping --- drug development --- unnatural amino acid --- eukaryotic lysates --- cell-free protein expression (CFPE) --- riboregulator --- synthetic biology --- mathematical model --- CFPS --- cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) --- bioconversion platform --- colicins --- protein production
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Written by an international group of eminent scientists, this new treatise is the very first in the field to provide a thorough, state-of-the-art review of the periplasm, the extracytoplasmic compartment found in gram-negative bacteria.
Bacterial proteins. --- Proteins --- Escherichia coli. --- Microbiology. --- Periplasmic Proteins --- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins --- Escherichia coli --- Membrane Transport Proteins --- Periplasm --- Synthesis. --- physiology. --- Bacterial proteins --- Microbiology --- Synthesis --- physiology --- Microbial proteins --- Protein biosynthesis --- Protein synthesis --- Microbial biology --- Biology --- Microorganisms --- E. coli (Bacterium) --- Escherichia --- Metabolism --- Proteins - Synthesis --- Periplasmic Proteins - physiology --- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins - physiology --- Escherichia coli - physiology --- Membrane Transport Proteins - physiology --- Periplasm - physiology --- Acqui 2006
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