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Chlamydia infections. --- Chlamydia infections --- Diagnosis.

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The chlamydiae are Gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacteria with a complex developmental cycle comprising a metabolically less-active, infectious stage, the elementary body (EB), and a metabolically more active stage, the reticulate body (RB). They are responsible for many acute and chronic diseases in humans and animals. In order to play a causative role in chronic diseases, chlamydiae would need to persist and to re-activate within infected cells/tissues for extended periods of time. Persistence in vitro is defined as viable but non-cultivable chlamydiae involving morphologically enlarged, aberrant, and nondividing RBs, termed aberrant bodies (AB). In vitro, alterations of the normal developmental cycle of chlamydiae can be induced by the addition of Interferon-? (IFN-?), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) and penicillin G exposure as well as amino acid or iron deprivation, monocyte infection and co-infection with viruses. In vivo, key questions include whether or not ABs occur in infected patients and animals and whether such ABs can contribute to prolonged, chronic inflammation, fibrosis, and scarring through continuing stimulation of the host immune system known from diseases such as trachoma, pelvic inflammatory disease, reactive arthritis and atherosclerosis. To date, the direct causal role in the pathogenesis of chlamydial infection and persistence in vivo has been questioned since there was no tractable animal model of chlamydial persistence so far. A very recent study was able to establish an experimental animal model of in vivo persistence, when C. muridarum vaginally-infected mice were gavaged with amoxicillin. Amoxicillin treatment induced C. muridarum to enter the persistent state in vivo. Recent in vivo data from patients indicate that viable but non-infectious developmental stages are present in the genital tract of chronically-infected women and that the gastrointestinal tract might be a reservoir for persistent chlamydial infections at other sites.

Chlamydia infections. --- stress response --- chlamydia --- Chronic Disease

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Nowadays, Chlamydia still represents a redoubtable pathogen. Among its consequences, the blindness in children and severe impairment of reproductive health in adults are the most mutilating. Worldwide, it is estimated that six million of people suffer from post-trachoma blindness and almost 90 million become sexually infected each year. Due to its silent evolution and sexually transmission, the chlamydial infection can occur in anyone. The book “Chlamydia - A Multifaceted Pathogen” contains an updated review of all-important issues concerning the chlamydial infection. It comprises 18 chapters grouped in four major parts dealing with etiology and pathogenicity, clinical aspects, diagnosis and prevention. The new molecular data about the pathogenicity and the exhaustive presentation of clinical findings bring novelty to the book and improve our knowledge about Chlamydia induced diseases.

Chlamydia infections. --- Chlamydial infections --- Gram-negative bacterial infections --- Infectious & contagious diseases

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Le trachome, infection oculaire pouvant entraîner la cécité, touche plus de 80 millions d’individus dans le monde. Encore présent avant la Première Guerre mondiale dans les pays européens, il en a disparu grâce au développement socio-économique. Sa persistance dans les régions les plus pauvres du globe peut être considérée comme un stigmate de la pauvreté. Pourtant cette maladie, première cause de cécité d’origine infectieuse dans le monde, peut être prévenue et traitée à l’aide d’un certain nombre de mesures de santé publique. Des actions d’envergure ont ainsi été entreprises depuis une dizaine d’années au niveau mondial sous l’égide de l’Organisation mondiale de la santé, avec l’ambition d’éliminer le trachome cécitant d’ici l’an 2020. Les mesures médicales et chirurgicales mises en œuvre sont associées à des campagnes éducatives et sanitaires visant à améliorer l’hygiène et l’environnement. Cet ouvrage retrace l’histoire du trachome et offre une synthèse des connaissances actuelles. Il fait le point sur les déterminants biologiques et sociaux de cette maladie complexe, expose les différentes composantes de la stratégie de lutte et présente les données épidémiologiques les plus récentes concernant l’Afrique subsaharienne, région du monde particulièrement touchée. À la fois documenté et pédagogique, l’ouvrage dresse le bilan d’une maladie qui reste un important problème de santé publique dans les pays du Sud.

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Bacterial Ocular Infection --- Eye Infection, Bacterial --- Infection, Bacterial Eye --- Ocular Infection, Bacterial --- Healthcare Facilities, Manpower, and Services --- prevention & control --- Trachoma. --- Preventive Health Services. --- Communicable Disease Control. --- Africa South of the Sahara. --- Subsaharan Africa --- Africa, Sub-Saharan --- Sub-Saharan Africa --- Flatten the Curve of Epidemic --- Flattening the Curve, Communicable Disease Control --- pauvreté --- méthode de lutte --- infection --- vitamine --- prévention sanitaire --- insecticide --- antibiotique --- diagnostic --- sensibilité résistance