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Engineering Sites

Geophysics --- Rockslides. --- Avalanches. --- Rock mechanics. --- Rockslides --- Avalanches --- Rock mechanics --- Mécanique des roches

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Since 2003, when spontaneous activity in cortical slices was first found to follow scale-free statistical distributions in size and duration, increasing experimental evidences and theoretical models have been reported in the literature supporting the emergence of evidence of scale invariance in the cortex. Although strongly debated, such results refer to many different in vitro and in vivo preparations (awake monkeys, anesthetized rats and cats, in vitro slices and dissociated cultures), suggesting that power law distributions and scale free correlations are a very general and robust feature of cortical activity that has been conserved across species as specific substrate for information storage, transmission and processing. Equally important is that the features reminiscent of scale invariance and criticality are observed at scale spanning from the level of interacting arrays of neurons all the way up to correlations across the entire brain. Moreover, the existing relationship between features of structural connectivity and functional critical states remains partly unclear, although investigated with both analyses of experimental data and in silico models. Thus, if we accept that the brain operates near a critical point, little is known about the causes and/or consequences of a loss of criticality and its relation with brain diseases (e.g. epilepsy). The study of how pathogenetical mechanisms are related to the critical/non-critical behavior of neuronal networks would likely provide new insights into the cellular and synaptic determinants of the emergence of critical-like dynamics and structures in neural systems. At the same time, the relation between the impaired behavior and the disruption of criticality would help clarify its role in normal brain function. The main objective of this Research Topic is to investigate the emergence/disruption of the emergent critical-like states in healthy/impaired neural systems and to link these phenomena to the underlying cellular and network features, with specific attention to structural connectivity. In particular, we would like this Research Topic to collect contributions coming from the study of neural systems at different levels of architectural complexity (from in vitro neuronal ensembles up to the human brain imaged by fMRI).

Neurosciences. --- Nervous system. --- Computational models --- in vitro --- in vivo --- network dynamics --- self-organized criticality --- neuronal avalanches --- power law

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Debris Flow Hazards and Related Phenomena is set to become the standard reference on debris flows, debris avalanches and related phenomena. The editors provide a complete treatment of all aspects of debris flow and debris avalanche research whilst making the book a useful tool for experts, researchers and students. Case studies are provided on a global basis which will illustrate graphically the real problems and real solutions associated with this devastating phenomena. The number of published articles in journals on landslides is literally exploding and where climate change is beginning to affect landslide activity, this book will be a much needed and long sought addition to the literature currently available.

Landslide hazard analysis. --- Debris avalanches. --- Earth sciences. --- Climate change. --- Geology. --- Sedimentology. --- Geophysics. --- Hydrogeology. --- Earth Sciences. --- Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts. --- Geophysics/Geodesy. --- Geohydrology --- Geology --- Hydrology --- Groundwater --- Geological physics --- Terrestrial physics --- Earth sciences --- Physics --- Petrology --- Geognosy --- Geoscience --- Natural history --- Changes, Climatic --- Climate change --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic changes --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Geosciences --- Environmental sciences --- Physical sciences --- Environmental aspects --- Avalanches, Debris --- Debris flows --- Flows, Debris --- Landslides --- Hazard analysis, Landslide --- Landslide hazard assessment --- Soil mechanics --- Hazard assessment --- Physical geography. --- Hydraulic engineering. --- Engineering, Hydraulic --- Engineering --- Fluid mechanics --- Hydraulics --- Shore protection --- Geography --- Changes in climate --- Climate change science --- Global environmental change

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Avalanches, debris, mudflows and landslides are common and natural phenomena that occur worldwide, predominantly in mountainous regions. With an emphasis on snow avalanches, this book sets out to provide a survey and discussion about the motion of avalanche-like flows from initiation to run out. An important aspect of this book is the formulation and investigation of a simple but appropriate continuum mechanical model for the realistic prediction of geophysical flows of granular material. This will help the practitioners in the field to better understand the physical input and provide them with a tool for their work. Originating from many lectures the authors have given over the years, this instructive volume brings the reader to the forefront of research - an aim also supported by an extensive bibliogrpahy of almost 500 entries. Avalanche Dynamics should be accessible to, and is intended for, a broad readership of researchers, graduate students and practitioners with backgrounds in geophysics, geology, civil and mechanical engineering, applied mathematics and continuum physics.

Avalanches --- Earth sciences. --- Snow mechanics. --- Mathematical models. --- Simulation methods. --- Geosciences --- Environmental sciences --- Physical sciences --- Mechanics --- Mass-wasting --- Snow --- Physical geography. --- Mechanics, applied. --- Geography. --- Geophysics/Geodesy. --- Theoretical and Applied Mechanics. --- Soft and Granular Matter, Complex Fluids and Microfluidics. --- Earth Sciences, general. --- Cosmography --- Earth sciences --- World history --- Applied mechanics --- Engineering, Mechanical --- Engineering mathematics --- Geography --- Geophysics. --- Mechanics. --- Mechanics, Applied. --- Amorphous substances. --- Complex fluids. --- Complex liquids --- Fluids, Complex --- Amorphous substances --- Liquids --- Soft condensed matter --- Classical mechanics --- Newtonian mechanics --- Physics --- Dynamics --- Quantum theory --- Geological physics --- Terrestrial physics

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This book provides a short, hands-on introduction to the science of complexity using simple computational models of natural complex systems-with models and exercises drawn from physics, chemistry, geology, and biology. By working through the models and engaging in additional computational explorations suggested at the end of each chapter, readers very quickly develop an understanding of how complex structures and behaviors can emerge in natural phenomena as diverse as avalanches, forest fires, earthquakes, chemical reactions, animal flocks, and epidemic diseases.Natural Complexity provides the necessary topical background, complete source codes in Python, and detailed explanations for all computational models. Ideal for undergraduates, beginning graduate students, and researchers in the physical and natural sciences, this unique handbook requires no advanced mathematical knowledge or programming skills and is suitable for self-learners with a working knowledge of precalculus and high-school physics.Self-contained and accessible, Natural Complexity enables readers to identify and quantify common underlying structural and dynamical patterns shared by the various systems and phenomena it examines, so that they can form their own answers to the questions of what natural complexity is and how it arises.

Complexity (Philosophy) --- Physics --- Computational complexity. --- Complexity, Computational --- Electronic data processing --- Machine theory --- Philosophy --- Emergence (Philosophy) --- Methodology. --- Burridge-Knopoff stick-slip model. --- Gutenberg-Richter law. --- Johannes Kepler. --- Olami-Feder-Christensen model. --- Python code. --- accretion. --- active flockers. --- agents. --- automobile traffic. --- avalanches. --- cells. --- cellular automata. --- chaos. --- clusters. --- complex behavior. --- complex structure. --- complex system. --- complexity. --- computational model. --- computer program. --- contagious diseases. --- criticality. --- diffusion-limited aggregation. --- earthquake forecasting. --- earthquakes. --- emergence. --- emergent behavior. --- emergent structure. --- epidemic spread. --- epidemic surges. --- excitable system. --- flocking. --- forest fires. --- fractal clusters. --- fractal geometry. --- growth. --- hodgepodge machine. --- infection rate. --- iterated growth. --- lattice. --- lichens. --- natural complex system. --- natural complexity. --- natural order. --- natural phenomena. --- nature. --- open dissipative system. --- panic. --- passive flockers. --- pattern formation. --- percolation threshold. --- percolation. --- phase transition. --- planetary motion. --- power-law. --- random walk. --- randomness. --- repulsion. --- rule-based growth. --- sandpile. --- scale invariance. --- segregation. --- self-organization. --- self-organized criticality. --- self-propulsion. --- self-similarity. --- simple rules. --- small-world network. --- solar flares. --- spaghetti. --- spatiotemporal pattern. --- spiral. --- tagging algorithm. --- traffic jams. --- waves. --- wildfire management.