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Welfare is a multidimensional concept that can be described as the state of an animal as it copes with the environment. Captive environments can impact farmed animals at different levels, especially fishes, considering their highly complex sensory world. Understanding the ethology of a species is therefore essential to address fish welfare, and the interpretation of behavioral responses in specific rearing contexts (aquaculture or experimental contexts) demands knowledge of their underlying physiological, developmental, functional, and evolutionary mechanisms. In natural environments, the stress response has evolved to help animals survive challenging conditions. However, animals are adapted to deal with natural stressors, while anthropogenic stimuli may represent stressors that fishes are unable to cope with. Under such circumstances, stress responses may be maladaptive and cause severe damage to the animal. As welfare in captivity is affected in multiple dimensions, multiple possible indicators can be used to assess the welfare state of individuals. In the past, research on welfare has been largely focusing on health indicators and predominantly based on physiological stress. Ethological indicators, however, also integrate the mental perspective of the individual and have been gradually assuming an important role in welfare research: behavioral responses to stressors are an early response to adverse conditions, easily observable, and demonstrative of emotional states. Many behavioral indicators can be used as non-invasive measurements of welfare in practical contexts such as aquaculture and experimentation. Presently, research in fish welfare is growing in importance and interest because of the growing economic importance of fish farming, the comparative biology opportunities that experimental fishes provide, and the increasing public sensitivity to welfare issues.

n/a --- muscle texture --- fractal analysis --- fish welfare --- Danio rerio --- motivation --- histopathology --- elevated phosphate concentrations --- sharks --- welfare --- African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) --- feed efficiency --- fighting ability --- aggressive interaction --- social rank --- boldness --- ethology --- fisheries management --- physiological response --- FishEthoBase --- welfare scores --- welfare criteria --- stress --- pain --- stereotypical behaviour --- Scyliorhinus canicula --- animal behavior --- welfare enhancement --- social communication --- nociception --- negative and positive affect --- aggression --- fertilisation success --- risk analysis --- aquaculture --- hematology --- Amyloodinium ocellatum --- framework --- structural complexity --- territorial --- growth --- positive welfare --- social stress --- age