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Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi. They cause deleterious effects on humans, animals, and plants. More than one hundred mycotoxins are known which contaminate food and feed raw materials. Fungal infection and mycotoxin contamination can occur directly in fields (pre-harvest stage), during storage, or during industrial processing (post-harvest stage). Given the proven toxicity of mycotoxins and their widespread distribution, it is necessary to prevent their occurrence in food and feed. To limit mycotoxin contamination, several techniques can be adopted at the pre-harvest or post-harvest stages. These techniques can reduce mycotoxin concentration through fungal growth reduction or mechanisms leading to mycotoxin degradation or mycotoxin detoxification (i.e., reduction of the toxicity). Until very recently, fungicides were favored to limit mycotoxin contamination by reducing fungal growth. Nonetheless, the sanitary and environmental impacts of these products and their effects on food quality encourage the development of alternative strategies based on biocontrol agents (BCAs) or natural compounds. Moreover, in some cases, fungal growth reduction can stimulate mycotoxin production. The focus of this Special Issue of Toxins is to gather the most recent advances related to reducing mycotoxin contamination in food and feed using BCAs and natural compounds. In this context, two main types of approaches can be proposed: Preventive methods that could be applied in the field, during storage, or during industrial processing and curative methods that detoxify contaminated matrices by eliminating the produced mycotoxin.

antimycotoxigenic activity --- Citrullus colocynthis --- Aspergillus flavus --- model system --- HPLC-MS/MS --- fungal-bacterial interactions --- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens --- Fusarium graminearum --- Fengycin --- mycotoxins --- Alternaria alternata --- mycotoxin --- alternariol --- essential oil --- cell integrity --- oxidative stress --- Ochratoxin A --- biological control --- Qatari microflora --- Burkholderia cepacia --- thermostability --- antagonistic agents --- in vitro dual culture bioassay --- nutritional competition --- aflatoxin --- atoxigenic strain --- maize --- Serbia --- phenyllactic acid --- biocontrol agent --- T-2 toxin --- F. langsethiae --- F. sporotrichioides --- G. candidum --- mycotoxin. --- fullerol C60(OH)24 --- nanoparticles --- foodborne mycotoxigenic fungi --- secondary metabolism --- Aspergillus spp. --- Fusarium spp. --- Alternaria spp. --- Penicillium spp. --- n/a

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In the past few decades, awareness of the basic role that endophytic fungi play in shaping the fitness of both wild and crop plants has increased significantly. The number of papers on the subject is so large that it is becoming difficult to have a complete overview of the state-of-the-art with reference to specific crops. In the absence of readily available documents providing circumstantial information on the endophytic assemblage of plants, the isolation of a certain fungal species may appear to be occasional or trivial; hence, many important findings are at risk of going unnoticed. This Special Issue aims to present a collection of papers dealing with the occurrence and functions of endophytic fungi in crop species. It may represent a useful tool for stakeholders in this particular research field, with a view to stimulating a more thorough consideration of the opportunities deriving from their discoveries.

endophytic fungi --- Fusarium --- species complexes --- mycotoxins --- fusaric acid --- trichothecenes --- biosynthetic gene clusters --- Citrus spp. --- endophytes --- antagonism --- defensive mutualism --- plant growth promotion --- bioactive compounds --- entomopathogens --- crop protection --- integrated pest management --- Cordycipitaceae --- Alternaria --- Illumina MiSeq --- secondary raw materials --- compositae --- fungi --- herbs --- secondary metabolites --- symbiosis --- mutualism --- plant fitness --- latent pathogens --- Botryosphaeria rhodina --- Botryodiplodia theobromae --- onions --- amaryllis --- endosphere --- endobiome --- metabolome --- sage --- bioprospecting --- medicinal plants --- Lamiaceae --- biocontrol --- biostimulants --- induced systemic resistance --- ISR --- plant pathogens --- fungal entomopathogens --- Acacia --- Albizia --- Bauhinia --- Berberis --- Caesalpinia --- Cassia --- Cornus --- Hamamelis --- Jasminus --- Ligustrum --- Lonicera --- Nerium --- Robinia --- EFSA --- high-risk plants --- n/a

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Marine fungal natural products are well-known as the “blue gold,” as they have been promising leads for drug discovery and development. Even though marine fungi are less explored in comparison to their terrestrial counterparts, a number of useful hits have been obtained from a drug discovery perspective. Topics discussed in this book include a review on novel natural products from extremophilic fungi, secondary metabolites from deep-sea fungi; natural products from fungi in a symbiotic relationship with marine macro-organisms; and bioactive metabolites from sediment-derived fungi. Marine biologists, chemists, and pharmacologists will find the book a good reference material. The book covers various bioactive marine fungal natural products, and it is hoped that this book aids scientists explore fungal chemical diversity.

natural products --- extremophilic fungi --- biological activity --- deep-sea derived fungus --- Phialocephala sp. --- nitrogen-containing sorbicillinoids --- radical scavenging activity --- sponge-derived fungus --- Alternaria sp. --- perylenequinone derivatives --- X-ray single crystal diffraction --- cytotoxic activity --- antibacterial --- Phomopsis lithocarpus --- benzophenone derivatives --- eremophilane derivative --- aspochalasin --- tricyclic fused --- gut fungus --- cytotoxicity --- endophytic fungus --- Myrothecium sp. --- meroterpenoids --- isocoumarinoids --- α-glucosidase inhibitors --- salt-resistant plant --- Apocynum venetum --- Fusarium solani H915 --- bis-alkenoic acid esters --- fusaridioic acid A --- fusariumester A1 --- fusariumester A2 --- fusariumester B --- tea pathogenic fungi inhibitory effect --- herqueinones --- phenalenones --- Penicillium sp. --- marine-derived fungi --- adipogenesis --- anti-angiogenesis --- anti-inflammatory --- marine-derived fungus --- Aspergillus versicolor --- diketopiperazine --- anthraquinone derivatives --- Sporendonema casei --- cytotoxic activities --- antibacterial activities --- n/a

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The book deals with mycotoxins, their presence in various types of food, and how to prevent their presence in food . In addition to well-known molecules, such as aflatoxins or fumonisins, some contributors have dealt with emerging mycotoxins (e.g., alternaria toxins, botryodiplodin). Readers of the book can also find a new approach to reducing aflatoxins and fumonisins in food. In conclusion, the book presents both new mycotoxins and new information on old mycotoxins.

Atlantic salmon --- zebrafish --- liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry --- mycotoxins --- phytoestrogens --- plant-based feed --- rice --- sterigmatocystin --- STC --- deoxynivalenol --- DON --- growing season --- azoxystrobin --- fungicide --- Fumonisins --- Fusarium spp. --- food contamination --- health issues --- secondary metabolites --- Aflatoxins --- binding --- food safety --- biocontrol --- food discipline --- ergot alkaloids --- ergochromes --- secalonic acid --- cereals --- tetrahydroxanthones --- Claviceps --- aflatoxin --- mycotoxin --- black soldier fly --- BSFL --- Hermetia illucens --- S9 fraction --- cytochrome P450 --- metabolic conversion --- enzyme induction --- Alternaria mycotoxins --- combinatory effects --- combined toxicity --- co-occurrence --- bioactive compounds --- fungi --- phaseolinone --- LC/MS --- soybean --- charcoal rot disease --- root infection mechanism --- Fusarium species --- toxigenic profile --- mycotoxin migration --- sweet pepper --- fungal disease --- fumonisin --- human exposure --- maize products --- botryodiplodin --- root toxicity --- Macrophomina phaseolina --- hydroponic culture --- AMF1 --- infant formulae --- estimated daily intake --- carcinogenic risk index --- Monterrey (Mexico) --- T-2 toxin --- HT-2 toxin --- deoxynivalenol (DON) --- enniatin B (EnnB) --- size sorting --- unprocessed cereals --- n/a

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Several of the 17 papers in this volume represent diverse strategies for improving sustainability in crop production systems. The maintenance of soil quality and the reclamation of marginal soils, improving tolerance to saline irrigation water, biodegradable alternatives to black plastic mulch, use of natural plant extracts against bacterial disease, and development of cultivars resistant to herbivorous arthropods address urgent priorities in sustainable systems. Two papers examine the driving forces and effects of adopting innovative agricultural technologies in food value chains in underdeveloped regions of the world, and identification of new Asian vegetable crop species for European environments and markets. Three papers reported on managing fruit set and ripening in important fruit crop species like orange, apple, and plum. Postharvest techniques to reduce disease and maintain fruit nutraceutical content were reported in separate papers. Classification techniques, conservation and utilization of unique plant species, and in vitro propagation techniques of species with potential horticultural value were described in four papers.

grapes --- fruit quality --- SO2 --- Botrytis cinerea --- rots --- fruit drop --- sustainable systems --- fungicides --- Alternaria alternata --- value chain analysis --- innovations --- adaptive lasso --- propensity score matching --- Tanzania --- genetic resistance --- natural allelochemicals --- organic production --- plant defense --- Induced resistance --- polyphenol oxidase --- peroxidase --- plant extract --- bacterial spot --- agronomy --- sustainability --- organic fertilizer --- crop productivity --- soil acidification --- soil organic matter --- pyrolysis --- microbial activity --- health --- aging population --- consumption of fruit and vegetables --- diversification --- market trend --- Korean ginseng sprout --- Ssamchoo --- Peucedanum japonicum --- Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem --- sustainable agriculture --- marketable production --- antioxidant molecules --- mineral content --- strawberry --- weed biomass --- in vitro multiplication --- alpine strawberry --- TDZ --- BA --- IBA --- non-runnering --- shoot explant --- European plum (Prunus domestica L.) --- alternate bearing --- crop load management (CLM) --- mechanical thinning --- reducing chemical input --- circle --- ellipse --- lens --- morphology --- oval --- seed shape --- superellipse --- Cycas --- determinate growth --- dichotomous branch --- isotomous branch --- sexual dimorphism --- Zamia --- Bowenia --- Ceratozamia --- Cycadaceae --- Dioon --- Encephalartos --- leaf element composition --- leaf tissue analysis --- Lepidozamia --- Macrozamia --- Stangeria --- Zamiaceae --- Solanum lycopersicum --- Capsicum annuum --- seedlings --- vegetable nursery --- transplant production --- salinity --- abiotic stress --- plant growth regulators --- GA3 --- anthocyanin --- ascorbic acid --- drying method --- phenol --- phytochemical --- raspberry --- apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) --- colouration --- Envy, Extenday® --- Fuji --- Jazz --- light reflection --- PAL—Phenylalanine-amminia-lyase --- reflective mulch --- shading --- Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. --- rootstocks --- maturation index --- citrus color index --- n/a --- PAL-Phenylalanine-amminia-lyase