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La présence d'oasis dans le Sahara peut sembler une aberration écologique. Les palmeraies et les jardins qu'elles abritent sont en fait le fruit d'une conquête millénaire qui se poursuit encore aujourd'hui. Ces paysages artificiels, terroirs soigneusement façonnés et entretenus, sont l'archétype des systèmes naturels anthropisés. Cet ouvrage a été réalisé à partir d'enquêtes de terrain menées dans le Jérid tunisien, mais aussi dans le Tassili n'Ajjer (Djanet, Algérie) et l'oued Draa (Zagora, Maroc). Si cette perspective comparative révèle la diversité des pratiques et savoirs oasiens et des relations à l'environnement, elle met aussi en valeur les dynamiques locales qui se déploient au-delà de l'habituel dualisme entre tradition et modernité. Par ailleurs, plusieurs échelles d'étude, de la planche de cultures au jardin et du parcellaire à la palmeraie, permettent de souligner la variété des articulations entre facteurs écologiques, économiques et sociaux. Le Sahara cultivé n'offre pas une mais des natures oasiennes en constante évolution, construites à partir de cette richesse anthropologique.
Jardin --- gardens --- Arecaceae --- Plante alimentaire --- Food crops --- Communauté végétale --- Plant communities --- Irrigation --- Pratique culturale --- Cultivation --- Environnement socioéconomique --- socioeconomic environment --- Environnement socioculturel --- sociocultural environment --- Oasis --- Oases --- Désert du Sahara --- Sahara Desert --- Oases. --- Arid regions agriculture --- Jarīd, Shaṭṭ al- (Tunisia) --- Economic conditions. --- Social life and customs. --- Dryland agriculture --- Dryland farming --- Agriculture --- Crop zones --- Desert reclamation --- Chott Djerid (Tunisia) --- Chott el Djerid (Tunisia) --- Chott el Jerid (Tunisia) --- Djerid, Chott (Tunisia) --- Jerid, Chott el (Tunisia) --- Shaṭṭ al-Jarīd (Tunisia) --- système agraire --- Djérid --- oasis --- Tunisie --- désert --- exploitation agricole --- environnement --- Sahara
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This volume presents annotated English translations of 72 court decisions handed down by the the Sharīʿa Courts of Adjābiya and Kufra roughly during the period 1930-1970; the original texts (facsimiles and edited documents) appeared in A.Layish, Legal Documents on Libyan Tribal Society in Process of Sedentarization (Wiesbaden, 1998). The documents address personal status, succession, homicide and bodily injury, property, obligation, and attest to the interaction between the sharīʿa representing normative Islam, and tribal customary law, representing social reality in Cyrenaica during the aforementioned period. They also exemplify the qadi 's role of bringing a Bedouin society within the orbit of normative Islam. A.Borg's essay Orality, Languages, and Culture in Arabic Juridical Discourse addresses cultural aspects of orality on the language of these documents. The study is intended for Orientalists, Islamologists, legal and social historians, social scientists, and lawyers interested in Islamic and comparative law.
Islamic law --- Customary law --- Customs (Law) --- Folk law --- Usage and custom (Law) --- Social norms --- Common law --- Time immemorial (Law) --- Civil law (Islamic law) --- Law, Arab --- Law, Islamic --- Law in the Qurʼan --- Sharia (Islamic law) --- Shariʻah (Islamic law) --- Law, Oriental --- Law, Semitic --- Islamic law. --- Libya --- Kufra Oases --- Law, Primitive --- Traditional law
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This book seeks to advance knowledge of human settlement and adaptation in the world's largest desert, the sahara. Previous studies focussed on the prehistoric phases but this study takes a wider historical and geographical perspective. It sets out to combine the results of several field campaigns, their histories and methodologies. We look at fieldwork, fortifications, funerary structures, irrigation, rock art and human occupation. The final summary looks at the current state of research and offers a platform for future investigations.
Excavations (Archaeology) --- Garamantes (African people) --- Fouilles (Archéologie) --- Garamantes --- Antiquities. --- Antiquités --- Fezzan (Libya) --- Fezzan (Libye) --- Archäologie --- Fessan --- Archäologie. --- Fessan. --- Fouilles (Archéologie) --- Antiquités --- Archaeology --- Libya --- Old Jarma --- Ancient Garama --- Central Saharan --- Oases --- Social Science / Archaeology --- Art / History / Prehistoric --- History / Africa / North --- Social sciences --- Ethnology --- Archaeological digs --- Archaeological excavations --- Digs (Archaeology) --- Excavation sites (Archaeology) --- Ruins --- Sites, Excavation (Archaeology) --- Fazzan (Libya) --- Phazania (Libya) --- Behavioral sciences --- Human sciences --- Sciences, Social --- Social science --- Social studies --- Civilization --- Antiquities --- Antiquties.
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"In Slavery, Agriculture, and Malaria in the Arabian Peninsula, Benjamin Reilly illuminates a previously unstudied phenomenon: the large-scale employment of people of African ancestry as slaves in agricultural oases within the Arabian Peninsula. The key to understanding this unusual system, Reilly argues, is the prevalence of malaria within Arabian Peninsula oases and drainage basins, which rendered agricultural lands in Arabia extremely unhealthy for people without genetic or acquired resistance to malarial fevers. In this way, Arabian slave agriculture had unexpected similarities to slavery as practiced in the Caribbean and Brazil. This book synthesizes for the first time a body of historical and ethnographic data about slave-based agriculture in the Arabian Peninsula. Reilly uses an innovative methodology to analyze the limited historical record and a multidisciplinary approach to complicate our understandings of the nature of work in an area that is popularly thought of solely as desert. This work makes significant contributions both to the global literature on slavery and to the environmental history of the Middle East--an area that has thus far received little attention from scholars"--
Slavery --- Africans --- Ethnology --- Abolition of slavery --- Antislavery --- Enslavement --- Mui tsai --- Ownership of slaves --- Servitude --- Slave keeping --- Slave system --- Slaveholding --- Thralldom --- Crimes against humanity --- Serfdom --- Slaveholders --- Slaves --- History. --- Agricultural laborers --- Malaria --- Agriculture --- Oases --- Deserts --- Farming --- Husbandry --- Industrial arts --- Life sciences --- Food supply --- Land use, Rural --- Ague --- Chills and fever --- Intermittent fever --- Malarial fever --- Fever --- Protozoan diseases --- Agricultural workers --- Farm labor --- Farm laborers --- Farm workers --- Farmhands --- Farmworkers --- Employees --- Enslaved persons --- Persons --- Social aspects --- Health aspects --- Environmental aspects --- Arabian Peninsula --- Arabia --- Environmental conditions
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This open access book provides a multi-perspective approach to the caravan trade in the Sahara during the 19th century. Based on travelogues from European travelers, recently found Arab sources, historical maps and results from several expeditions, the book gives an overview of the historical periods of the caravan trade as well as detailed information about the infrastructure which was necessary to establish those trade networks. Included are a variety of unique historical and recent maps as well as remote sensing images of the important trade routes and the corresponding historic oases. To give a deeper understanding of how those trading networks work, aspects such as culturally influenced concepts of spatial orientation are discussed. The book aims to be a useful reference for the caravan trade in the Sahara, that can be recommended both to students and to specialists and researchers in the field of Geography, History and African Studies.
Africa—Economic conditions. --- Historical geography. --- Africa, North—History. --- Remote sensing. --- Ethnology—Africa. --- African Economics. --- Historical Geography. --- History of North Africa. --- Remote Sensing/Photogrammetry. --- African Culture. --- Remote-sensing imagery --- Remote sensing systems --- Remote terrain sensing --- Sensing, Remote --- Terrain sensing, Remote --- Aerial photogrammetry --- Aerospace telemetry --- Detectors --- Space optics --- Geography, Historical --- Geography --- African Economics --- Historical Geography --- History of North Africa --- Remote Sensing/Photogrammetry --- African Culture --- Economy-wide Country Studies --- Caravan Trading in the 19th century --- Libyan Sahara --- Central Sahara --- Open Access --- Atlas of Caravan Tracks --- Historical Maps --- Concepts of Spacial Orientation --- Trade Networks --- Caravan Routes --- 19th century Trade in the Sahara --- Trans-Saharan trails --- Historic Oases --- Economics --- Historical geography --- African history --- Geographical information systems & remote sensing --- Cultural studies
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