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The traditional flow of goods from primary production through to manufacturing and consumption has expanded across international borders conterminously with globalization. Vertical specialization (VS) in processing and manufacturing in China has driven export growth. In particular, intra-industry and intra-product trade between China, the US and East Asia has increased China's trade surplus over the long term. Vertical Specialization and Trade Surplus in China aims to measure the level of VS in the Chinese manufacturing industry to provide a more accurate representation of China's trade surplu

China -- Commerce. --- Industrial procurement. --- Vertical integration -- United States. --- Commerce --- Business & Economics --- Local Commerce --- International trade. --- Balance of trade --- Offshore assembly industry --- Investments, Foreign --- Intermediate goods --- China --- Commerce. --- Intermediate products --- Semi-finished products --- Assembly industry, Offshore --- Export assembly industry --- In-bond industry --- Maquila plants --- Maquiladora industry --- Maquiladoras --- Maquilas --- Offshore manufacturing --- Outsourcing (International trade) --- Overseas assembly industry --- Twin plant industry --- Deficits, Trade --- Trade, Balance of --- Trade balance --- Trade deficits --- Trade surpluses --- Surpluses, Trade --- External trade --- Foreign commerce --- Foreign trade --- Global commerce --- Global trade --- Trade, International --- World trade --- Manufactures --- Export processing zones --- International trade --- Balance of payments --- Mercantile system --- Payment --- International economic relations --- Non-traded goods --- E-books

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Environmental stress factors negatively affect plant growth by inducing proteins dysfunction. As coping strategies, plant have developed a comprehensive protein quality controlling system (PQCS) to keep proteins homeostasis. In this research topic of “Protein Quality Controlling Systems in Plant Responses to Environmental Stresses”, some latest researches and opinions in this field, including heat shock proteins (HSPs), unfolded protein response (UPR), ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy, were reported, aiming to provide novel insights for increasing crop production under environmental challenges.

unfolded protein response --- proteasome --- environmental stress --- autophagy --- plant --- heat shock proteins