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This chapter discusses the material presented in this book organized around the various themes announced in the Introduction, and it addresses questions and comments pertinent to the issues related to these themes. The first theme to be addressed is the question of the similarity between the subsystems of functional categories between the three creoles. The second theme relates to the processes at work in the formation of the functional categories of these three creoles. Relabeling, grammaticalization and leveling will be discussed in turn. A discussion of phenomena, such as restructuring and

Creole dialects --- Languages in contact --- Bilingualism --- Minimalist theory (Linguistics). --- Sociolinguistics --- Saramaccan language. --- Haitian. --- Papiamentu. --- Caribbean Area. --- Minimalist theory (Linguistics) --- Language and languages --- Language and society --- Society and language --- Sociology of language --- Language and culture --- Linguistics --- Sociology --- Integrational linguistics (Oxford school) --- Generative grammar --- Multilingualism --- Creole languages --- Creolized languages --- Languages, Mixed --- Pidgin languages --- Areal linguistics --- Social aspects --- Sociological aspects

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The distinct social origin of creoles, along with pidgins and mixed languages, makes them a source of interest to typologists, given their interest in the cross-linguistic distribution of structural feature values. Typologists, like creolists before them, are interested in issues such as whether creoles have a distinct typological profile and how creoles have been shaped by the processes that led to their formation. However, typologists can also provide important tools to help creolists in answering these questions, in particular enabling them to see properties of creole languages against the general background of cross-linguistic variation in the world. This article examines a number of phenomena in creole languages from a typological perspective, in particular issues of simplification, substrate influence, and superstrate influence.

Creole dialects. --- Typology (Linguistics) --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Language and languages --- Linguistic typology --- Linguistics --- Linguistic universals --- Creole languages --- Creolized languages --- Languages, Mixed --- Pidgin languages --- Typology --- Classification --- Creole dialects

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Clinical Improvisation Techniques in Music Therapy: A Guide for Students, Clinicians and Educators provides a clear and systematic approach to understanding and applying improvisational techniques. It is inspired by the taxonomy of clinical improvisation techniques as described by Kenneth Bruscia in his book, Improvisational Models of Music Therapy. Based on years of their own experimenting with the teaching of improvisation, the authors have evolved a particular developmental sequence for introducing basic techniques of improvising and applying them through role-play exercises that have been

Music therapy. --- Music therapy --- Improvisation (Music) --- Clinical psychologists --- Mental health personnel --- Psychologists --- Extemporization (Music) --- Music --- Musical therapy --- Musicotherapy --- Therapeutics --- Psychotherapy and music --- Instruction and study. --- Therapeutic use. --- Training of. --- Performance --- Therapeutic use

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In this volume, second language (L2) acquisition researchers and creolists engage in a dialogue, focusing on processes at work in L2 acquisition and creole genesis. The volume opens with an overview of the relationship between L2 acquisition and pidgins/creoles (Siegel). The first group of papers addresses current language contact at a societal or an individual level (Smith; Terrill and Dunn; Bruhn de Garavito and Atoche; Liceras et al.; Müller). The second section focuses on processes characterizing various stages of L2 acquisition and creole genesis: relexification and transfer from the L1 and their role in the initial state (Sprouse; Schwartz; Kouwenberg; Aboh; Ionin). Chapters in the third section discuss processes involved in developing grammars, namely, reanalysis and restructuring (Sánchez; Brousseau and Nikiema; Steele and Brousseau). The final section concentrates on fossilization and the end state (Cornips and Hulk; Montrul; Lardiere). Between them, the chapters cover lexical, morphological, phonological, semantic and syntactic properties of interlanguage grammars and creole grammars.

Second language acquisition. --- Creole dialects. --- Languages in contact. --- Bilingualism. --- Language and languages --- Languages in contact --- Multilingualism --- Creole languages --- Creolized languages --- Languages, Mixed --- Pidgin languages --- Second language learning --- Language acquisition --- Areal linguistics --- Second language acquisition --- Creole dialects --- Bilingualism