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ISBN: 1475596634 9781475596632 1475595557 9781475595550 147559657X Year: 2017 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : International Monetary Fund,
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In recent decades, population has been aging fast in Brazil while old age pensions and healthrelated spending have increased. As the population ages, the spending trend threaten to reach unsustainable levels absent reforms. Increasing the retirement age is key, but by itself will not provide sufficient savings to close the pension system financing gap, and reforms reducing replacement rates are necessary. In the area of health, there is scope for improving expenditure efficiency by strengthening outpatient care and regional networks, and developing clinical guidelines for cost-effective treatments and drugs. Reforms are urgent, so that they can be gradual.
Labor --- Public Finance --- Demography --- National Government Expenditures and Health --- Social Security and Public Pensions --- Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts --- Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income and Wealth: Latin America --- Caribbean --- Economics of the Elderly --- Economics of the Handicapped --- Non-labor Market Discrimination --- Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits --- Private Pensions --- Retirement --- Retirement Policies --- Health: General --- Pensions --- Population & demography --- Public finance & taxation --- Labour --- income economics --- Health economics --- Pension spending --- Aging --- Health care spending --- Expenditure --- Population and demographics --- Health --- Population aging --- Expenditures, Public --- Brazil --- Income economics
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ISBN: 1616353996 1475516746 1475527578 1475528981 1299546765 9781299546769 9781475528985 9781616353995 9781475527575 9781616353995 Year: 2013 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : International Monetary Fund,
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The Southern African Customs Union (SACU) is the oldest customs union in the world, with significant opportunities ahead for creating higher economic growth and increased welfare benefits to the people of the region, by fulfilling its vision to become an economic community with a common market and monetary union. This volume describes policy options to address the barriers to equitable and sustainable development in the region and outlines a plan for deeper regional integration.
Customs unions --- Regionalism --- Business & Economics --- Economic History --- Free trade areas --- Tariff unions --- Human geography --- Nationalism --- Interregionalism --- Commercial policy --- International economic integration --- Second best, Theory of --- Tariff --- Africa, Southern --- Economic integration. --- E-books --- Exports and Imports --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Public Finance --- Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search --- Financial Aspects of Economic Integration --- Fiscal Policy --- Trade: General --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- International economics --- Labour --- income economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Monetary economics --- Monetary unions --- Labor markets --- Unemployment --- Unemployment rate --- Fiscal policy --- Economic integration --- Labor market --- Exports --- Expenditures, Public --- South Africa --- Income economics
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