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The Enlightenment shaped modernity. Western values of representative democracy and basic human rights, gender and racial equality, individual liberty, and freedom of expression and the press, form an interlocking system that derives directly from the Enlightenment's philosophical revolution. This fact is uncontested - yet remarkably few historians or philosophers have attempted to trace the process of ideas from the political and social turmoil of the late eighteenth century to thepresent day. This is precisely what Jonathan Israel now does. He demonstrates that the Enlightenment was an essent

Enlightenment. --- Democracy --- Philosophy, Modern --- Intellectual life --- Cultural life --- Culture --- Aufklärung --- Eighteenth century --- Rationalism --- History. --- History --- Europe --- Politics and government --- Enlightenment --- democratie --- filosofie --- Franse Revolutie --- mensenrechten --- Verlichting --- History of civilization --- History of Europe --- anno 1700-1799 --- Upplysningen. --- Siècle des lumières --- Démocratie --- Philosophie --- Vie intellectuelle --- Histoire --- Politique et gouvernement --- Democracy - History --- Philosophy, Modern - 18th century --- Intellectual life - History - 18th century --- Europe - History - 1648-1789 --- Europe - Intellectual life - 18th century --- Europe - Politics and government - 1648-1789 --- Mouvement des Lumières --- 18e siècle --- 19e siècle