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This book presents the structure of Hindi keeping in view the sociolinguistic context of language use. It includes descriptions of sounds, devices of word formation, rules of phrase and sentence construction and conventions of language use in spoken and written texts incorporating the insights gained by application of recent linguistic theories. The account presented here, however, is free from abstruse technical vocabulary and modes of presentation that aim at justifying a particular linguistic model. This volume is primarily designed as a source of reference for linguists and educators who want to be better informed about the forms and functions of Hindi, and a resource for students and teachers of Hindi.Hindi, the official language of the Republic of India, is the second most widely spoken language with approximately three hundred and fifty million speakers. In its diasporic contexts, it is spoken in Africa, Australia, Europe, Fiji, Guyana, Surinam, Trinidad, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom and United States. An Indo-European language by genetic affiliation, Hindi shares many characteristics with Austro-Asiatic, Dravidian, and Sino-Tibetan languages of the subcontinent. In addition, Hindi has assimilated features of Arabic, Persian and English in a variety of its functionally determined styles.

Indic languages --- Grammar --- Hindi (språk). --- Hindi language --- Grammar. --- Hindustani language

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"Imagines Italicae, edited by M.H. Crawford and colleagues, is the outcome of a research project based in the combined library of the Hellenic and Roman Societies and of the Institute of Classical Studies, beginning in 2002 and initially supported by the UK Arts and Humanities Research Council. The empire created by Rome underlies many of the structures of modern Europe, and that empire in turn was in its early stages the joint creation of Rome and the other peoples of Italy. Almost the only records left by those peoples themselves consist of the texts they inscribed and the coinages they produced. Imagines Italicae provides for the first time a complete corpus of those texts which are in one or other of the Italic languages, accompanied by photographs or drawings, a critical apparatus, an English translation where possible, a bibliography, and a full account of their discovery and archaeological context. The corpus, geographically arranged, contains 982 entries in total, lavishly illustrated, some of them multiple, preceded by a substantial Introduction, and completed by an Appendix of Italic names occurring in Greek texts, detailed Concordances, and full epigraphic indexes. The work is in a very real sense both that of the authors and of the 80 or so museums and libraries that welcomed the authors and helped them in every way possible, so as to enable them for the project to study and photograph their holdings; in subscribing to the work, you will both gain access to those holdings and also support the provision to each and every one of the museums and libraries in question of a copy of the work. It is a work that will make it possible for the first time to understand the complex linguistic geography of ancient Italy and to address crucial historical questions about the religion, culture, society, economy, and institutions of the peoples of Italy."--

Inscriptions, Italic --- Inscriptions italiques --- Catalogs --- Catalogues --- Italy --- Italie --- Antiquities --- Catalogs. --- Antiquités --- Antiquités --- Inscriptions italiques. --- Antiquities. --- Fornitaliska språk. --- Fornlämningar. --- Inscriptions, Italic. --- Inskriptioner. --- Italy. --- Inscriptions, Italic - Catalogs --- Italy - Antiquities - Catalogs

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The Psychology and Sociology of Literature is a collection of 25 chapters on literature by some of the leading psychologists, sociologists, and literary scholars in the field of the empirical study of literature. Contributors include Ziva Ben-Porat, Gerry Cupchik, Art Graesser, Rachel Giora, Norbert Groeben, Colin Martindale, David Miall, Willie van Peer, Kees van Rees, Siegfried Schmidt, Hugo Verdaasdonk, and Rolf Zwaan. Topics include literature and the reading process; the role of poetic language, metaphor, and irony; cathartic and Freudian effects; literature and creativity; the career of the literary author; literature and culture; literature and multicultural society, literature and the mass media; literature and the internet; and literature and history. An introduction by the editors situates the empirical study of literature within an academic context. The chapters are all invited and refereed contributions, collected to honor the scholarship and retirement of professor Elrud Ibsch, of the Free University of Amsterdam. Together they represent the state of the art in the empirical study of literature, a movement in literary studies which aims to produce reliable and valid scientific knowledge about literature as a means of verbal communication in its cultural context. Elrud Ibsch was one of the pioneers in Europe to promote this approach to literature some 25 years ago, and this volume takes stock of what has happened since. The Psychology and Sociology of Literature presents an invaluable overview of the results, promises, gaps, and needs of the empirical study of literature. It addresses social scientists as well as scholars in the humanities who are interested in literature as discourse.

Literature --- History and criticism. --- litteratursosiologi --- litteraturpsykologi --- litteraturhistorie --- litteratur --- lesing --- språk --- internett --- massemedia --- multikulturelle samfunn --- litteraturforskning --- empiriske --- erfaringsbaserte undersøkelser --- Appraisal of books --- Books --- Evaluation of literature --- Criticism --- Literary style --- Appraisal --- Evaluation --- språk

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Most African languages are spoken by communities as one of several languages present on a daily basis. The persistence of multilingualism and the linguistic creativity manifest in the playful use of different languages are striking, especially against the backdrop of language death and expanding monolingualism elsewhere in the world. The effortless mastery of several languages is disturbing, however, for those who take essentialist perspectives that see it as a problem rather than a resource, and for the dominating, conflictual, sociolinguistic model of multilingualism. This volume investigates African minority languages in the context of changing patterns of multilingualism, and also assesses the status of African languages in terms of existing influential vitality scales. An important aspect of multilingual praxis is the speakers' agency in making choices, their repertoires of registers and the multiplicity of language ideology associated with different ways of speaking. The volume represents a new and original contribution to the ethnography of speaking of multilingual practices and the cultural ideas associated with them.

Multilingualism --- Linguistic change --- Languages in contact --- Language and culture --- Language and languages --- Variation --- Africa --- Languages. --- Foreign languages --- Languages --- Culture and language --- Change, Linguistic --- Language change --- Plurilingualism --- Polyglottism --- Anthropology --- Communication --- Ethnology --- Information theory --- Meaning (Psychology) --- Philology --- Linguistics --- Culture --- Areal linguistics --- Historical linguistics --- Afrikanische Sprachen. --- Afrikanska språk. --- Flerspråkighet. --- Language and culture. --- Language and languages. --- Languages in contact. --- Linguistic change. --- Mehrsprachigkeit. --- Multilingualism. --- Soziolinguistik. --- Sprachvariante. --- Sprachwandel. --- Språk och samhälle. --- Språkförändringar. --- Språkkontakter. --- Språkvariation. --- Variation. --- Africa. --- Afrika. --- African Languages. --- Language Contact. --- Language Ideology. --- Linguistic Change. --- Sociolinguistics.

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Language and languages --- Computer-assisted instruction --- 800.515 --- Computerondersteunend (taal)onderwijs. Computer Assisted Language Learning --- 800.515 Computerondersteunend (taal)onderwijs. Computer Assisted Language Learning --- Language and languages - Computer-assisted instruction --- Corpora (Linguistics). --- Corpus (Linguistique). --- Corpus linguistics --- Korpus (Linguistik). --- Langage et langues --- Language teaching --- Sprachunterricht. --- Språk --- Language teaching. --- Enseignement assisté par ordinateur. --- Computer-assisted instruction. --- Computer corpora. --- Datorstödd undervisning.