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The consequences of globalization for the world's poor are uncertain and fierce rhetoric is dividing its supporters and detractors.The channels of effect of essentially macroeconomic shocks on the microeconomic position of individuals and households in poor countries are many and various. This book addresses three core issues: 1) what are the main channels of effect? 2) what are the lessons to be learned from policy measures to alleviate negative poverty consequences? and 3) do the proposed analytical approaches assist in providing a monitoring capability?
Social policy --- Foreign trade. International trade --- Third World: economic development problems --- Developing countries --- Developing countries: economic development problems --- Free trade --- Globalization --- Poverty --- Poor --- Economic aspects --- trade --- liberalisation --- computable --- general --- equilibrium --- social --- accounting --- matrix --- shocks --- reforms
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In this book, a distinguished expert introduces plasma physics from the ground up, presenting it as a comprehensible field that can be grasped largely on the basis of physical intuition and qualitative reasoning, similar to other fields of physics. Plasmas are ionized gases that can be found in a hydrogen bomb explosion, the confinement chamber of an experimental fusion reactor, the solar corona, the aurora borealis, the interstellar medium, and the immediate vicinity of a gravitational black hole. Not surprisingly, plasma physics appears to consist of numerous topics arising independently from astrophysics, fusion physics, and other practical applications, and hence it remains a field poorly understood even by many astrophysicists. But, in fact, most of these topics can be approached from the same perspective, with a simple, physical intuition. Selecting simple examples and presenting them in a simultaneously intuitive and rigorous manner, Russell Kulsrud guides readers through a careful derivation of the results and allows them to think through the physics for themselves. Thus, they are better prepared for complex cases and more general results. The first eleven chapters present topics by their importance to plasma physics while the last three chapters emphasize the field's astrophysical applications, applying the results accrued earlier. Throughout, many problems illustrate the field's applications. Based on a course the author taught for many years, Plasma Physics for Astrophysics is intended for graduate students as well as for working astrophysicists.
Plasma astrophysics. --- Accretion disk. --- Alfven time. --- Bessel function. --- Braginski equations. --- Charge neutrality. --- Compression. --- Contour integration. --- Critical drift velocity. --- Dalembertian solution. --- Debye length. --- Downstream region. --- Earth's magnetic field. --- Entropy. --- Faraday rotation. --- Flux freezing. --- Guide field. --- Helicity spectrum. --- Impact parameter. --- Ion acoustic mode. --- Jump conditions. --- Laplace transform. --- Magnetic reconnection. --- Magnetic tension. --- Maxwell distribution. --- Ohm's law. --- Parallel viscosity. --- Quasi neutrality. --- Shocks. --- Solar flare. --- Topology.
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Lawrence Altman has authored the only complete history of the controversial and understudied practice of self-experimentation. In telling the stories of pioneering researchers, Altman offers a history of many of the most important medical advancements in recent years as well as centuries past--from anesthesia to yellow fever to heart disease. With a new preface, he brings readers up to date and continues his discussion of the ethics and controversy that continue to surround a practice that benefits millions but is understood by few.
anesthesia. --- compelling. --- complete. --- controversial. --- dietary deprivations. --- doctors. --- ethics and controversy. --- heart disease. --- historians of medicine and science. --- history of medical advancements. --- history of self experimentation. --- informative. --- stories of pioneering researchers. --- the myth of walter reed. --- toxic shocks. --- understudied practice. --- yellow fever.
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The agri-market is one of the core sectors of the economy, responsible for producing goods and the fulfilment of nutritional needs. It includes agriculture, which produces food, and the food industry, which involves processing agricultural products. Therefore, it is crucial to analyze the development of agri-markets on both local and international scales. International trade is an important factor affecting the availability of agri-food products. Consequently, it is also important to evaluate economic factors and their roles in the development of a region. This Special Issue aims to solicit original contributions from academics, practitioners and other stakeholders, providing theoretical and empirical analyses focusing on agricultural markets and rural development. The editor encourages submissions that present applications of statistical analysis, case studies, and novel methodologies from parametric and non-parametric related to the topic of the Special Issue. The scope of submission includes original research and review articles on the theme.
Development economics & emerging economies --- economy --- sustainable development --- wine routes --- Axarquía --- rural tourism --- economic sociology --- geographical indication --- European Union --- Mercosur --- market arena --- e-retail --- comparative approach --- import risks --- agricultural products --- agro-trade --- food import --- SAW --- TOPSIS --- geometric means --- financial autonomy --- TOPSIS method --- rural municipalities --- municipal firms --- business --- economic evaluation --- local self-government --- cassava price --- volatility --- Bayesian --- GARCH-X --- Thailand --- correlation --- detrended cross-correlation analysis --- meat prices --- time series --- agriculture --- fruit products --- tariff rate quota --- welfare --- trade policy --- TRQ administration --- palm oil price --- domestic shocks --- foreign shocks --- Malaysia --- SVAR model --- interest-free community investment fund --- rural women empowerment --- case study --- logit model --- endogenous stochastic frontier --- crop insurance --- viticulture --- spatial integration --- market --- cointegration --- milk --- dairy products --- Poland --- Czechia --- Common Market Organization --- wine --- third countries --- measure of promotion --- wineries --- Common Agricultural Policy --- Indigofera spp. cultivation --- indigo paste production --- economic contribution --- land suitability --- development strategy
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Shock & Vibration, Aircraft/Aerospace, Energy Harvesting, Volume 9. Proceedings of the 33rd IMAC, A Conference and Exposition on Balancing Simulation and Testing, 2015, the ninth volume of ten from the Conference brings together contributions to this important area of research and engineering. The collection presents early findings and case studies on fundamental and applied aspects of Shock & Vibration, Aircraft/Aerospace , Energy Harvesting, including papers on: Energy Harvesting Adaptive Support Shock Calibration Operating Data Applications.
Engineering. --- Vibration, Dynamical Systems, Control. --- Aerospace Technology and Astronautics. --- Structural Mechanics. --- Mechanical engineering. --- Vibration. --- Astronautics. --- Ingénierie --- Génie mécanique --- Vibration --- Astronautique --- Civil & Environmental Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Civil Engineering --- Shocks (Mechanics) --- Structural mechanics. --- Dynamical systems. --- Dynamics. --- Aerospace engineering. --- Mechanics. --- Mechanics, Applied. --- Solid Mechanics. --- Cycles --- Mechanics --- Sound --- Applied mechanics --- Engineering, Mechanical --- Engineering mathematics --- Classical mechanics --- Newtonian mechanics --- Physics --- Dynamics --- Quantum theory --- Space sciences --- Aeronautics --- Astrodynamics --- Space flight --- Space vehicles --- Aeronautical engineering --- Astronautics --- Engineering --- Dynamical systems --- Kinetics --- Mathematics --- Mechanics, Analytic --- Force and energy --- Statics
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Economists have had much to say about the impact of economic policies on growth, but little on their distributional consequences and poverty impact. The reorientation of development policy from structural adjustment to poverty reduction as the central objective thus called for new tools to examine distributional change. This book analyzes the poverty and distributional impact of policy changes and external shocks in three case studies from Latin America: Trade liberalization in Colombia and Brazil, and the gas boom in Bolivia. It uses an innovative approach that combines computable general equilibrium and microsimulation models. The country applications illustrate that distributional consequences depend very much on the nature of the shock or policy change as well as the characteristics of the country in question. The book issues a warning against policy prescriptions being based on oversimplifying assumptions and models.
Political science & theory --- Economic theory & philosophy --- Labour economics --- Development economics & emerging economies --- Brazil --- Colombia --- Bolivia --- Economic conditions --- Economic policy. --- America --- Approaches --- Armut --- Case --- Combining --- Distributional --- Economic --- External --- from --- Impact --- Income distribution --- Inzidenz (Wirtschaft) --- Kolumbien --- Latin --- Macro --- Macro-micro model --- Micro --- Microsimulation --- Policies --- Poverty --- Resource boom --- Shocks --- Studies --- Three --- Trade policy --- Political science --- Economics --- Labor economics. --- Development economics. --- Economic development --- Economic theory --- Political economy --- Social sciences --- Economic man --- Administration --- Civil government --- Commonwealth, The --- Government --- Political theory --- Political thought --- Politics --- Science, Political --- State, The
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Over the past century, democracy spread around the world in turbulent bursts of change, sweeping across national borders in dramatic cascades of revolution and reform. Aftershocks offers a new global-oriented explanation for this wavelike spread and retreat-not only of democracy but also of its twentieth-century rivals, fascism and communism.Seva Gunitsky argues that waves of regime change are driven by the aftermath of cataclysmic disruptions to the international system. These hegemonic shocks, marked by the sudden rise and fall of great powers, have been essential and often-neglected drivers of domestic transformations. Though rare and fleeting, they not only repeatedly alter the global hierarchy of powerful states but also create unique and powerful opportunities for sweeping national reforms-by triggering military impositions, swiftly changing the incentives of domestic actors, or transforming the basis of political legitimacy itself. As a result, the evolution of modern regimes cannot be fully understood without examining the consequences of clashes between great powers, which repeatedly-and often unsuccessfully-sought to cajole, inspire, and intimidate other states into joining their camps.
Democracy. --- Democratization. --- Great powers. --- World politics. --- Developing countries --- Developing countries --- Developing countries. --- Western countries. --- Foreign relations --- Foreign relations. --- China. --- Cold War. --- Europe. --- Great War. --- Nazi Germany. --- Soviet Union. --- United States. --- capitalism. --- communism. --- democracy. --- democratic power. --- democratic reversal. --- democratic wave. --- democratic waves. --- democratization. --- domestic reform. --- domestic regimes. --- fascism. --- fascist wave. --- fascists. --- global hierarchy. --- great powers. --- hegemonic pressure. --- hegemonic shocks. --- institutional waves. --- interwar period. --- liberal capitalism. --- modern regimes. --- national reforms. --- political change. --- political legitimacy. --- postwar wave. --- regime change. --- state capitalism. --- superpowers. --- twentieth century.
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Over-the-counter (OTC) markets for derivatives, collateralized debt obligations, and repurchase agreements played a significant role in the global financial crisis. Rather than being traded through a centralized institution such as a stock exchange, OTC trades are negotiated privately between market participants who may be unaware of prices that are currently available elsewhere in the market. In these relatively opaque markets, investors can be in the dark about the most attractive available terms and who might be offering them. This opaqueness exacerbated the financial crisis, as regulators and market participants were unable to quickly assess the risks and pricing of these instruments. Dark Markets offers a concise introduction to OTC markets by explaining key conceptual issues and modeling techniques, and by providing readers with a foundation for more advanced subjects in this field. Darrell Duffie covers the basic methods for modeling search and random matching in economies with many agents. He gives an overview of asset pricing in OTC markets with symmetric and asymmetric information, showing how information percolates through these markets as investors encounter each other over time. This book also features appendixes containing methodologies supporting the more theory-oriented of the chapters, making this the most self-contained introduction to OTC markets available.
Over-the-counter markets. --- Capital assets pricing model. --- Capital asset pricing model --- CAPM (Capital assets pricing model) --- Pricing model, Capital assets --- OTC markets --- Over-the-counter securities --- Unlisted securities markets --- Capital --- Finance --- Investments --- Securities --- Mathematical models --- Over-the-counter markets --- Capital assets pricing model --- E-books --- Bellman's principle. --- OTC market. --- OTC trades. --- asset pricing. --- credit risk. --- debt. --- derivatives. --- equilibrium bargaining. --- equilibrium search. --- federal funds market. --- federal loans. --- global financial crisis. --- information exchange. --- interbank market. --- intraday allocation. --- large numbers. --- market opaqueness. --- over-the-counter market. --- percolation. --- posterior beliefs. --- private information. --- random matching. --- repurchase. --- search models. --- supply shocks. --- trading. --- transparency.
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The global financial crisis highlighted the impact on macroeconomic outcomes of recurrent events like business and financial cycles, highs and lows in volatility, and crashes and recessions. At the most basic level, such recurrent events can be summarized using binary indicators showing if the event will occur or not. These indicators are constructed either directly from data or indirectly through models. Because they are constructed, they have different properties than those arising in microeconometrics, and how one is to use them depends a lot on the method of construction.This book presents the econometric methods necessary for the successful modeling of recurrent events, providing valuable insights for policymakers, empirical researchers, and theorists. It explains why it is inherently difficult to forecast the onset of a recession in a way that provides useful guidance for active stabilization policy, with the consequence that policymakers should place more emphasis on making the economy robust to recessions. The book offers a range of econometric tools and techniques that researchers can use to measure recurrent events, summarize their properties, and evaluate how effectively economic and statistical models capture them. These methods also offer insights for developing models that are consistent with observed financial and real cycles.This book is an essential resource for students, academics, and researchers at central banks and institutions such as the International Monetary Fund.
E-books --- Economics --- Statistical methods --- Economic statistics --- Econometrics --- Statistical methods. --- Macroeconomics --- Econometrics. --- Econometric models. --- Business cycles --- Mathematical models. --- Economics, Mathematical --- Statistics --- Mathematical models --- Markov switching models. --- amplitudes. --- binary states. --- bivariate series. --- business cycles. --- contraction. --- cycles financial series. --- cycles. --- dating cycles. --- dating. --- durations. --- economic activity. --- economic models. --- economic recessions. --- economy. --- event indicators. --- expansion. --- financial cycles. --- financial shocks. --- fluctuation. --- global financial crisis. --- linear autoregression. --- macroeconomy. --- microeconometrics. --- model-based rules. --- multiple series. --- oscillation. --- peaks. --- policymakers. --- prediction. --- recession. --- recurrent events. --- recurrent states. --- regression. --- statistics. --- synchronization. --- time series. --- time. --- troughs. --- univariate series. --- volatility.
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During the past few decades, plasma science has witnessed a great growth in laboratory studies, in simulations, and in space. Plasma is the most common phase of ordinary matter in the universe. It is a state in which ionized matter (even as low as 1%) becomes highly electrically conductive. As such, long-range electric and magnetic fields dominate its behavior. Cosmic plasmas are mostly associated with stars, supernovae, pulsars and neutron stars, quasars and active galaxies at the vicinities of black holes (i.e., their jets and accretion disks). Cosmic plasma phenomena can be studied with different methods, such as laboratory experiments, astrophysical observations, and theoretical/computational approaches (i.e., MHD, particle-in-cell simulations, etc.). They exhibit a multitude of complex magnetohydrodynamic behaviors, acceleration, radiation, turbulence, and various instability phenomena. This Special Issue addresses the growing need of the plasma science principles in astrophysics and presents our current understanding of the physics of astrophysical plasmas, their electromagnetic behaviors and properties (e.g., shocks, waves, turbulence, instabilities, collimation, acceleration and radiation), both microscopically and macroscopically. This Special Issue provides a series of state-of-the-art reviews from international experts in the field of cosmic plasmas and electromagnetic phenomena using theoretical approaches, astrophysical observations, laboratory experiments, and state-of-the-art simulation studies.
cosmic ray knee and ankle --- blazars --- numerical methods --- global jets --- MHD–accretion --- muti-messenger astronomy --- massive star supernovae --- galaxies: active --- TBD --- 26Al --- black holes --- accreting black holes --- particle-in-cell simulations --- kink-like instability --- laser-induced nuclear reactions --- magnetic fields --- magneto-hydrodynamics --- gamma-ray bursts --- active galactic nuclei --- accretion discs–jets --- numerical relativity --- plasma physics --- GRMHD --- high-power laser systems --- radio interferometry --- recollimation shocks --- effective lifetime --- multi-wavelength astronomy --- relativistic jets --- high energy astrophysics --- jets --- active galaxies --- relativistic astrophysics --- helical magnetic fields --- laser plasma --- X-ray binaries --- polarization --- the Weibel instability --- AGN --- neutrino astrophysics --- radiation mechanism: non-thermal --- nuclear astrophysics --- cosmic rays --- mushroom instability --- accretion disks --- MHD winds
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