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536.73 --- Second law of thermodynamics --- 536.73 Second law of thermodynamics

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The Element reconstructs, analyses and compares different derivational routes to a grounding of the Arrow of Time in entropy. It also evaluates the link between entropy and visible disorder, and the related claim of an alignment of the Arrow of Time with a development from order to visible disorder. The Element identifies three different entropy-groundings for the Arrow of Time: (i) the Empirical Arrow of Time, (ii) the Universal Statistical Arrow of Time, and (iii) the Local Statistical Arrow of Time. The Element will also demonstrate that it is unlikely that high entropy states will always coincide with visible disorder. Therefore, it will dispute that there is a strong link between the Arrow of Time and visible disorder.

Entropy. --- Second law of thermodynamics. --- Statistical thermodynamics. --- Time. --- Time reversal. --- Time --- Philosophy.

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Continuum mechanics --- Thermodynamics --- Mathematics. --- 536.73 --- 536.73 Second law of thermodynamics --- 539.3 --- Mechanics of continua --- Second law of thermodynamics --- 539.3 Elasticity. Deformation. Mechanics of elastic solids --- Elasticity. Deformation. Mechanics of elastic solids --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Dynamics --- Mechanics --- Physics --- Heat --- Heat-engines --- Quantum theory --- Elasticity --- Mechanics, Analytic --- Field theory (Physics) --- Mathematics

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A renowned philosopher’s final work, illuminating how the logical empiricist tradition has failed to appreciate the role of actual experiments in forming its philosophy of science. The logical empiricist treatment of physics dominated twentieth-century philosophy of science. But the logical empiricist tradition, for all it accomplished, does not do justice to the way in which empirical evidence functions in modern physics. In his final work, the late philosopher of science William Demopoulos contends that philosophers have failed to provide an adequate epistemology of science because they have failed to appreciate the tightly woven character of theory and evidence. As a consequence, theory comes apart from evidence. This trouble is nowhere more evident than in theorizing about particle and quantum physics. Arguing that we must consider actual experiments as they have unfolded across history, Demopoulos provides a new epistemology of theories and evidence, albeit one that stands on the shoulders of giants. On Theories finds clarity in Isaac Newton’s suspicion of mere “hypotheses.” Newton’s methodology lies in the background of Jean Perrin’s experimental investigations of molecular reality and of the subatomic investigations of J. J. Thomson and Robert Millikan. Demopoulos extends this account to offer novel insights into the distinctive nature of quantum reality, where a logico-mathematical reconstruction of Bohrian complementarity meets John Stewart Bell’s empirical analysis of Einstein’s “local realism.” On Theories ultimately provides a new interpretation of quantum probabilities as themselves objectively representing empirical reality.

Empiricism. --- Physics --- Quantum theory. --- Science --- SCIENCE / Physics / Quantum Theory. --- Normal science --- Philosophy of science --- Quantum dynamics --- Quantum mechanics --- Quantum physics --- Mechanics --- Thermodynamics --- Experience --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Rationalism --- Philosophy. --- Avogadro’s constant. --- Bell’s theorem. --- Bohr. --- Brownian motion. --- Gleason’s theorem. --- Gödel. --- Hilbertian axiomatics. --- Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics. --- Poincaré. --- Putnam. --- Ramsey sentences. --- constructive empiricism. --- quantum logic. --- second law of thermodynamics.

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This book places thermodynamics on a system-theoretic foundation so as to harmonize it with classical mechanics. Using the highest standards of exposition and rigor, the authors develop a novel formulation of thermodynamics that can be viewed as a moderate-sized system theory as compared to statistical thermodynamics. This middle-ground theory involves deterministic large-scale dynamical system models that bridge the gap between classical and statistical thermodynamics. The authors' theory is motivated by the fact that a discipline as cardinal as thermodynamics--entrusted with some of the most perplexing secrets of our universe--demands far more than physical mathematics as its underpinning. Even though many great physicists, such as Archimedes, Newton, and Lagrange, have humbled us with their mathematically seamless eurekas over the centuries, this book suggests that a great many physicists and engineers who have developed the theory of thermodynamics seem to have forgotten that mathematics, when used rigorously, is the irrefutable pathway to truth. This book uses system theoretic ideas to bring coherence, clarity, and precision to an extremely important and poorly understood classical area of science.

Thermodynamics --- Differentiable dynamical systems. --- Differential dynamical systems --- Dynamical systems, Differentiable --- Dynamics, Differentiable --- Differential equations --- Global analysis (Mathematics) --- Topological dynamics --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Dynamics --- Mechanics --- Physics --- Heat --- Heat-engines --- Quantum theory --- Mathematics. --- Addition. --- Adiabatic process. --- Applied mathematics. --- Arthur Eddington. --- Asymmetry. --- Available energy (particle collision). --- Axiom. --- Balance equation. --- Banach space. --- Boltzmann's entropy formula. --- Brillouin scattering. --- Carnot cycle. --- Classical mechanics. --- Clausius (crater). --- Compact space. --- Conservation law. --- Conservation of energy. --- Constant of integration. --- Continuous function (set theory). --- Continuous function. --- Control theory. --- Deformation (mechanics). --- Derivative. --- Diathermal wall. --- Diffeomorphism. --- Differentiable function. --- Diffusion process. --- Dimension (vector space). --- Dimension. --- Dissipation. --- Dot product. --- Dynamical system. --- Emergence. --- Energy density. --- Energy level. --- Energy storage. --- Energy. --- Entropy. --- Equation. --- Equations of motion. --- Equilibrium point. --- Equilibrium thermodynamics. --- Equipartition theorem. --- Existential quantification. --- First law of thermodynamics. --- Hamiltonian mechanics. --- Heat capacity. --- Heat death of the universe. --- Heat flux. --- Heat transfer. --- Homeomorphism. --- Hydrogen atom. --- Ideal gas. --- Inequality (mathematics). --- Infimum and supremum. --- Infinitesimal. --- Initial condition. --- Instant. --- Internal energy. --- Irreversible process. --- Isolated system. --- Kinetic theory of gases. --- Laws of thermodynamics. --- Linear dynamical system. --- Lipschitz continuity. --- Local boundedness. --- Lyapunov function. --- Lyapunov stability. --- Mathematical optimization. --- Molecule. --- Non-equilibrium thermodynamics. --- Operator norm. --- Probability. --- Quantity. --- Reversible process (thermodynamics). --- Second law of thermodynamics. --- Semi-infinite. --- Smoothness. --- State variable. --- State-space representation. --- Statistical mechanics. --- Steady state. --- Summation. --- Supply (economics). --- Systems theory. --- Temperature. --- Theorem. --- Theoretical physics. --- Theory. --- Thermal conduction. --- Thermal equilibrium. --- Thermodynamic equilibrium. --- Thermodynamic process. --- Thermodynamic state. --- Thermodynamic system. --- Thermodynamic temperature. --- Thermodynamics. --- Time evolution. --- Zeroth law of thermodynamics.