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Radio meteorology. --- Refractive index.

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Radio meteorology. --- Refractive index.

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The Special Issue "Fiber Optic Sensors in Chemical and Biological Applications” gathers recent original papers. The subjects of the papers cover a broad range of optical fiber chemical sensors and biosensors applied for regulation in bioreactors, to novel concepts of intrinsic optical fiber sensors.

fiber optic sensor --- gold nanoparticles --- localized surface plasmon resonance --- mercury --- ppb --- refractive index sensor --- gas sensor --- hollow-core photonic crystal fiber --- Mach–Zehnder interferometer --- whole-cell biosensor --- bioluminescent bioreporter --- optical fiber biosensor --- toluene --- Pseudomonas putida TVA8 --- Escherichia coli 652T7 --- fiber optics --- long period grating --- fiber optical sensors --- refractive index --- chemical sensing --- mercapto compound --- yeast cultivation --- feedback regulation --- glucose detection --- optical biosensor --- laser-induced plasma spectroscopy --- microchip laser --- hair analysis --- OFDR type DAS --- phase fading solution --- high SNR --- real-time events detection --- ammonia detection --- layer-by-layer --- U-bent optical fiber --- porphyrin --- poly(styrene sulfonate) --- diazo resin --- photocrosslinking

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Artificial materials have been widely studied and used in photonics and microwaves in the last few decades. Recent research has proven that the introduction of specific higher symmetries in each cell of a periodic medium is an effective approach to obtain unprecedented exotic behaviors and to overcome the current limitations of these devices. For example, simple symmetries of a purely spatial type (glide or twist transformations) can have a huge impact on the properties of the resulting materials, thus defining wideband behaviors for flat lenses or large stop bands for novel EBG materials. This Special Issue opens with a novel discussion on the effect of time-reversal symmetries in antenna theory and presents new structures exploiting symmetries for antenna and microwave components, such as flat lenses, helix antennas, and gap-waveguides. Finally, new modeling methods are discussed for the study of wave propagation along glide surfaces and twist lines.

stop-band --- higher symmetries --- lens antenna --- helix antennas --- stopband --- higher symmetry --- Time-reversal symmetry --- dispersion diagram --- periodic structures --- transmission matrix --- twist symmetry --- glide symmetry --- complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) --- complementary split-ring resonator --- Lorentz reciprocity --- gap waveguide technology --- microwave printed circuits --- single plane --- mode matching --- refractive index --- dispersion --- bed of nails --- Antennas --- dispersion analysis

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The first nonlinear optical effect was observed in the 19th century by John Kerr. Nonlinear optics, however, started to grow up only after the invention of the laser, when intense light sources became easily available. The seminal studies by Peter Franken and Nicolaas Bloembergen, in the 1960s, paved the way for the development of today’s nonlinear photonics, the field of research that encompasses all the studies, designs, and implementations of nonlinear optical devices that can be used for the generation, communication, and processing of information. This field has attracted significant attention, partly due to the great potential of exploiting the optical nonlinearities of new or advanced materials to induce new phenomena and achieve new functions. According to Clarivate Web of Science, almost 200,000 papers were published that refer to the topic “nonlinear optic*”. Over 36,000 papers were published in the last four years (2015–2018) with the same keyword, and over 17,000 used the keyword “nonlinear photonic*”. The present Special Issue of Micromachines aims at reviewing the current state of the art and presenting perspectives of further development. Fundamental and applicative aspects are considered, with special attention paid to hot topics that may lead to technological and scientific breakthroughs.

GeSn --- quantum dot --- electric field --- intersubband nonlinear optics --- absorption coefficients --- refractive index changes --- pure state --- cascaded spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) --- numerical simulation --- transparent conductive oxide --- coherent perfect absorption --- epsilon-near-zero media --- light-with-light modulation --- refractive index change --- non-linear photonics --- optical fibers --- thermal poling --- numerical analysis --- extrinsic chirality --- second harmonic generation --- GaAs nanowires --- plasmonic coating --- second-harmonic generation --- waveguide --- AlGaAs --- optical frequency combs --- quadratic nonlinearity --- optical parametric oscillator --- modulation instability --- stimulated raman scattering --- fiber optics --- amplifiers --- lasers --- optical communication systems --- kerr nonlinearity --- whispering gallery mode --- optical resonators --- stimulated brillouin scattering --- optomechanical oscillations --- nonlinear optics --- stimulated Raman scattering --- microphotonics --- nanophotonics --- nonlinear waveguide --- optical microcavity --- photonics crystals --- nanocrystals --- optical resonances --- harmonic generation --- four-wave mixing --- optical switching --- sub-wavelength gratings --- Mie scattering --- Fano resonances --- guided-mode resonance --- terahertz --- nonlinear optical conversion --- complex optical systems --- adaptive imaging --- single-pixel imaging --- surface nonlinear photonics --- n/a