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One common feature of new emerging technologies is the fusion of the very small (nano) scale and the large scale engineering. The classical environment provided by single scale theories, as for instance by the classical hydrodynamics, is not anymore satisfactory. The main challenge is to keep the important details while still be able to keep the overall picture and simplicity. It is the thermodynamics that addresses this challenge. Our main reason for writing this book is to explain such general viewpoint of thermodynamics and to illustrate it on a very wide range of examples. 　 ContentsLevels of descriptionHamiltonian mechanicsIrreversible evolutionReversible and irreversible evolutionMulticomponent systemsContact geometryAppendix: Mathematical aspects

Nonequilibrium thermodynamics. --- Multiscale modeling.

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Anisotropy. --- Fracture mechanics. --- Cracking process. --- Multiscale modeling.

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A multiscale simulation model is developed by combining the CFD Simulation and the population balance equations to describe a transient process of fluidized bed spray granulation. In this model, the CFD simulation generates the particle growth and nucleation rates in consideration of fluid dynamics, drying and multiple interactions, such as drops deposition, dust integration and nucleation between different particles (drops, dust and granules).

CFD-Simulation --- Keimbildungsrate --- Partikel-Populationsbilanzen --- Wirbelschicht-Sprühgranulation --- Multiscale-Simulation

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

mathematical modeling --- multiscale modeling --- systems biolgoy --- immunology --- infections

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Peptides --- Biosensors --- Transducers, Biomedical --- Biological reagents. --- Multiscale modeling. --- Biotechnology --- Research