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This book is a printed version of the papers published in the Special Issue “DC & Hybrid Microgrids” of Applied Sciences. This Special Issue, co-organized by the University of Pisa, Italy and Østfold University College in Norway, has collected nine papers and the editorial, from 28 submitted, with authors from Asia, North America and Europe. The published articles provide an overview of the most recent research advances in direct current (DC) and hybrid microgrids, exploiting the opportunities offered by the use of renewable energy sources, battery energy storage systems, power converters, innovative control and energy management strategies.

energy management strategy (EMS) --- distributed generator (DG) --- state of charge (SoC) --- circuit breaker (CB) --- standard test condition (STC) --- photovoltaic (PV) --- solar --- microgrid --- droop control --- patrol base --- islanded DC microgrid --- battery-only operation --- constant power load --- CPL --- floating DC bus --- stability criterion --- power management --- AC/DC distribution network --- distributed generator --- planning --- timing characteristics --- genetic-ant colony hybrid algorithm --- forest microgrid --- biomass energy --- operation mode-based sectional coordinated control --- hybrid energy storage --- predictive control --- inertia improvement --- unbalanced electric bridge --- DC insulation monitoring --- ground capacitance --- three-point climbing algorithm --- islanding detection --- DC grid --- active islanding detection method --- injected signal cancellation --- multi-distributed generations --- perturbation signal --- photovoltaic system --- direct current (DC) microgrid --- stability --- constant power loads --- large transmission line inductive --- simplified circuit model --- virtual negative inductance --- micro-grid --- hybrid micro-grid --- smart grid --- battery energy storage --- renewable energy sources (RES) --- hybrid vehicles (HEV) --- full-electric vehicles (EV) --- Bidirectional converters --- direct current (DC) grid --- hybrid microgrid --- bidirectional converters

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Microgrids are a growing segment of the energy industry, representing a paradigm shift from centralized structures toward more localized, autonomous, dynamic, and bi-directional energy networks, especially in cities and communities. The ability to isolate from the larger grid makes microgrids resilient, while their capability of forming scalable energy clusters permits the delivery of services that make the grid more sustainable and competitive. Through an optimal design and management process, microgrids could also provide efficient, low-cost, clean energy and help to improve the operation and stability of regional energy systems. This book covers these promising and dynamic areas of research and development and gathers contributions on different aspects of microgrids in an aim to impart higher degrees of sustainability and resilience to energy systems.

microgrid --- distribution network operator --- double externalities --- subsidy --- PV system --- PI controller --- fuzzy control --- MPPT --- tracking speed --- error --- Micro Grid --- VSG --- power sharing --- inertia support --- energy support --- small signal stability --- day-ahead operational scheduling --- reconfigurable microgrid --- DRNN Bi-LSTM --- aggregated load forecasting --- bulk photovoltaic power generation forecasting --- solar potential assessment --- resource mapping --- geographic information systems (GIS) --- site selection --- Iran --- earthquake --- power distribution network --- resilience improvement planning --- water distribution network --- load disaggregation --- non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) --- dimensionality reduction --- principal component analysis (PCA) --- smart home --- solar renewable --- thermal load --- stochastic operation --- energy storage --- sustainability --- desalination --- renewable energy --- water–energy-nexus --- photovoltaic grid-connected system --- power fluctuation --- DC bus voltage stabilization --- prescribed performance --- command-filtered adaptive backstepping control --- centralized control architecture --- DC microgrid --- distributed control architecture --- electricity price constraint --- hybrid control architecture --- power flow control strategy --- data pre-processing --- electricity theft --- imbalance data --- parameter tuning --- smart grid

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Integration of photovoltaics and electrification in agriculture. Works on the integration of photovoltaics in agriculture, as well as electrification and microgrids in agriculture. In addition, some works on sustainability in agriculture are added.

transpiration --- PV heat conversion --- plant heat stress --- agrivoltaic system --- sustainable integration --- thermal analysis --- sustainable agriculture --- nexus approach --- rural development --- solar micro-grid --- techno-economic impact --- agrivoltaics --- solar energy --- agriculture --- energy innovation --- technology adoption --- photovoltaics --- extraterrestrial solar irradiation --- global, beam and diffuse solar components --- ground-reflected solar radiation --- horizontal, tilted and oriented solar irradiation --- solar photovoltaics --- agricultural robots --- Agri 4.0 --- battery-based farm machinery --- mobile irrigation system --- smart water sprinklers --- smart pesticide sprayers --- multi-purpose farming robots --- agrophotovoltaic --- agrivoltaic --- dual-land use --- solar sharing --- solar photovoltaic energy --- water–food–energy nexus --- fuses coordination --- protection device --- distributed generation --- distribution network --- photovoltaic --- DIgSILENT --- Agri-PV --- shading --- crop performance --- yields --- product quality --- organic agriculture --- biodynamic agriculture --- land productivity --- localization --- link budget --- spreading factor --- range --- LoRa --- node sensitivity --- SNR --- sustainable greenhouse --- semi-transparent photovoltaic panels --- amorphous silicon --- building-integrated photovoltaics --- microgrid --- organic photovoltaics --- greenhouses --- tomato --- arid region --- food-energy nexus --- solar-powered irrigation --- benefit-cost ratio --- land equivalent ratio --- n/a --- water-food-energy nexus

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The ever-increasing need for higher efficiency, smaller size, and lower cost make the analysis, understanding, and design of energy conversion systems extremely important, interesting, and even imperative. One of the most neglected features in the study of such systems is the effect of the inherent nonlinearities on the stability of the system. Due to these nonlinearities, these devices may exhibit undesirable and complex dynamics, which are the focus of many researchers. Even though a lot of research has taken place in this area during the last 20 years, it is still an active research topic for mainstream power engineers. This research has demonstrated that these systems can become unstable with a direct result in increased losses, extra subharmonics, and even uncontrollability/unobservability. The detailed study of these systems can help in the design of smaller, lighter, and less expensive converters that are particularly important in emerging areas of research like electric vehicles, smart grids, renewable energy sources, and others. The aim of this Special Issue is to cover control and nonlinear aspects of instabilities in different energy conversion systems: theoretical, analysis modelling, and practical solutions for such emerging applications. In this Special Issue, we present novel research works in different areas of the control and nonlinear dynamics of energy conversion systems.

multi-clearance --- neural network --- zero average dynamics --- Cable3D --- variable bus voltage MG --- explosion-magnetic generator --- quadratic boost --- matrix norm --- coordinated control system --- permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) --- photovoltaic (PV) --- power conversion --- capacitance current pulse train control --- air gap eccentricity --- high step-up voltage gain --- voltage ripple --- offset-free --- goal representation heuristic dynamic programming (GrHDP) --- current mode control --- sliding mode observer (SMO) --- multi-model predictive control --- combined heat and power unit --- discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) --- current-pulse formation --- sliding mode control --- single artificial neuron goal representation heuristic dynamic programming (SAN-GrHDP) --- subharmonic oscillations --- DC micro grid --- supply air temperature --- air-handling unit (AHU) --- vibration characteristics --- magnetic saturation --- slope compensation --- fixed-point inducting control --- the load of suspension point in the z direction --- variable switching frequency DC-DC converters --- droop control --- Helmholtz number --- plasma accelerator --- contraction analysis --- sliding control --- bifurcations in control parameter --- disturbance observer --- DC motor --- multiphysics --- virtual impedance --- pulverizing system --- ultrahigh voltage conversion ratio --- corrugated pipe --- DC-DC converters --- maximum power point tracking (MPPT) --- dynamic model --- nonlinear dynamics --- new step-up converter --- micro-grid --- global stability --- extended back electromotive force (EEMF) --- small-signal model --- electromagnetic vibration --- nonlinear dynamic model --- excited modes --- data-driven --- rigid body rotation --- position sensorless --- prediction --- centralized vs. decentralized control --- inferential control --- boost-flyback converter --- calculation method --- switched reluctance generator --- monodromy matrix --- bridgeless converter --- decoupling control --- distributed architecture --- wave --- buck converter --- soft sensor --- model–plant mismatches --- whistling noise --- efficiency optimization --- steel catenary riser --- moving horizon estimation --- single artificial neuron (SAN) --- space mechanism --- two-stage bypass --- electrical machine --- harmonic suppression --- local vs. global optimization --- performance recovery --- reinforcement learning (RL) --- adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) --- overvoltage --- planetary gears --- maximum power point tracking --- DC-DC buck converter --- power quality --- average-current mode control --- feedback coefficient --- power factor correction (PFC) --- capacitance current --- predictive control --- rotor dynamics

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Electrical power systems are evolving at the generation, transmission, and distribution levels. At distribution level, small generating and storage units—the so-called distributed energy sources (DERs)—are being installed close to consumption sites. The expansion of DERs is empowering renewable energy source integration and, as a consequence, new actors are appearing in electrical systems. Among them, the prosumer is a game-changer; the fruit of the behavior transformation of the consumer who has not only the ability to consume power but also to produce it. Microgrids can be understood as DER installations that have the capability of both grid-connected and grid-isolated operation. During the last decades, there has been a significant deployment of microgrids (e.g., in countries like the United States, Switzerland, and Denmark) and a consequent increase in renewable energy generation. This is contributing to the decarbonization of electrical power systems. However, the variability and intermittency of renewable sources introduce uncertainty, which implies a more complex operation and control. Taking into account that existing and future planned microgrids are being/going to be interconnected to the current electrical network, challenges in terms of design, operation, and control at power system level need to be addressed, considering existing regulations.

energy management system --- buck-boost converter --- generic object oriented substation event (GOOSE) communication --- stochastic optimization --- optimal dispatch --- decision tree --- coordinated control --- optimization --- congestion problems --- distributed optimization --- IEC 61850 Standard --- distributed energy resources (DERs) --- technical and economic optimization --- reliability evaluation --- power quality disturbances --- renewable --- DC microgrid --- HESS --- ruleless EV --- extension theory --- network planning --- integrated electrical and thermal grids --- reliability --- photovoltaic feasibility --- flexibility --- microgrid test facility --- microgrid --- multiresolution --- small-scale standalone microgrid --- IEC 61850 --- direct search method (DSM) --- maximum electrical efficiency --- load frequency control (LFC) --- droop control --- flexible generation --- grid independence --- frequency control --- particle swarm optimization --- battery storage --- microgrid stability controller (MSC) --- doubly fed induction machine --- coordinative optimization of energy --- power distribution --- hierarchical control scheme --- grounding --- operation --- electric energy market --- nonlinear programming --- cost and life --- total sliding-mode control --- distributed energy resource --- vehicle information system --- peak-cut --- smoothing wind power --- genetic algorithm --- medium-voltage networks --- vehicle-to-grid --- devices scheduling --- microgrids --- energy storage --- electric vehicle --- energy efficiency --- active filter --- embedded system --- multivariable generalized predictive control (MGPC) --- load power sharing --- flywheel energy storage (FES) --- renewable sources --- telecommunication power management --- micro-grid --- smart inverter --- distributed generation --- storage systems --- electric vehicle (EV) --- microgrid (MG) --- mesh configuration --- residential users --- renewable energy source --- radial configuration --- S-transform --- optimal power flow --- solid oxide fuel cell --- vehicle-to-grid (V2G) --- communication delay --- current harmonic reduction --- smart grids --- inrush current --- flexible and configurable architecture --- optimal capacity --- ESS effective rate --- smart grid --- multi-agent --- distributed energy resources --- regular EV --- peak-shift --- datacenter --- deterministic optimization --- plug and play --- chaos synchronization detection --- residential power systems --- power quality --- combined power generation system --- DC distribution --- isolated grid --- coordinated control strategy --- DC architectures --- predictive control --- demand-side management --- distributed generation (DG) --- curtailment