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Jellyfish are one of the most conspicuous animals in our oceans and are renowned for their propensity to form spectacular blooms. The unique features of the biology and ecology of jellyfish that enable them to bloom also make them successful invasive species and, in a few places around the world, jellyfish have become problematic. As man increasingly populates the world’s coastlines, interactions between humans and jellyfish are rising, often to the detriment of coastal-based industries such as tourism, fishing and power generation.   However we must not lose sight of the fact that jellyfish have been forming blooms in the oceans for at least 500 million years, and are an essential component of normal, healthy ocean ecosystems. Here many of the world’s leading jellyfish experts explore the science behind jellyfish blooms. We examine the unique features of jellyfish biology and ecology that cause populations to ‘bloom and bust’, and, using case studies, we show why jellyfish are important to coastal and ocean ecosystem function. We outline strategies coastal managers can use to mitigate the effects of blooms on coastal industries thereby enabling humans to coexist with these fascinating creatures. Finally we highlight how jellyfish benefit society; providing us with food and one of the most biomedically-important compounds discovered in the 20th century. .

Jellyfish blooms. --- Jellyfishes. --- Bell-shaped jellies --- Jellies (Cnidaria) --- Jellyfish --- Medusae --- Medusozoa --- Medusozoans --- Nettles, Sea --- Sea jellies --- Sea nettles --- True jellies --- Blooms, Jellyfish --- Jelly blooms --- Life sciences. --- Animal ecology. --- Applied ecology. --- Aquatic ecology. --- Invertebrates. --- Environmental management. --- Life Sciences. --- Freshwater & Marine Ecology. --- Animal Ecology. --- Environmental Management. --- Applied Ecology. --- Cnidaria --- Plankton blooms --- Aquatic biology. --- Ecology --- Environmental protection --- Nature conservation --- Environmental stewardship --- Stewardship, Environmental --- Environmental sciences --- Management --- Invertebrata --- Animals --- Zoology --- Hydrobiology --- Water biology --- Aquatic sciences --- Biology --- Aquatic ecology . --- Aquatic biology

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The first Jellyfish Blooms volume was published in 2001. Since that time, reports of human problems with jellyfish, as well as public and scientific awareness of the importance of jellyfish in coastal waters have increased dramatically. At the same time, the severity of the many complex environmental problems in the global ocean and awareness of those problems also has increased dramatically. The accelerating degradation of the oceans from over-harvesting of commercial species, eutrophication, decreased oxygen, climate change, and species introductions may be promoting the expanding problems with jellyfish. Jellyfish Blooms: New Problems and Solutions is the third volume in this series. Syntheses and original research articles provide an identification key for the ephyrae of 18 common scyphozoan species, document the Mediterranean-wide bloom of the invasive ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi, and address the direct effects of ocean acidification on jellyfish for the first time. The influence of climate change on jellyfish blooms is covered in several papers. New methods are presented for large-scale estimation of scyphomedusan occurrence with the Continuous Plankton Recorder and trophic effects as estimated by respiration. Moreover, novel approaches are described for study of medusan toxicity. This is a key reference for students and professional marine biologists, oceanographers, and fishery scientists and managers.

Aquatic biology. --- Environmental sciences. --- Invertebrates. --- Marine Sciences. --- Jellyfish blooms --- Zoology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Invertebrates & Protozoa --- Blooms, Jellyfish --- Jelly blooms --- Environment. --- Aquatic ecology. --- Marine sciences. --- Freshwater. --- Marine & Freshwater Sciences. --- Freshwater & Marine Ecology. --- Plankton blooms --- Invertebrata --- Animals --- Hydrobiology --- Water biology --- Aquatic sciences --- Biology --- Ocean sciences --- Aquatic ecology . --- Aquatic biology --- Ecology --- Fresh waters --- Freshwater --- Freshwaters --- Inland water --- Inland waters --- Water --- Fresh water.

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This Special Issue of Marine Drugs gathers recent investigations on the proteomes, metabolomes, transcriptomes, and the associated microbiomes of marine jellyfish and polyps, including bioactivity studies of their compounds and more generally, on their biotechnological potential, witnessing the increasingly recognized importance of Cnidaria as a largely untapped Blue Growth resource for new drug discovery. These researches evoke the outstanding ecological importance of cnidarians in marine ecosystems worldwide, calling for a global monitoring and conservation of marine biodiversity, so that the biotechnological exploitation of marine living resources will be carried out to conserve and sustainably use the natural capital of the oceans.

cnidarian --- sea anemone --- proteins --- toxins --- two-dimensional gel electrophoresis --- MALDI-TOF/TOF --- shotgun proteomic --- Zoanthidea --- holo-transcriptome --- cnidarian transcriptome --- marine enzyme --- marine biocatalyst --- marine biotechnology --- pharmaceutical biotechnology --- anthozoa --- microbial communities --- cnidarian holobiont --- zooxanthellae --- bleaching --- antibacterial activity --- jellyfish --- Aurelia coerulea --- mucus --- proteomics --- metabolomics --- cnidarians --- gelatinous zooplankton --- bioprospecting --- novel foods --- transcriptomics --- bio-prospecting --- computational biology --- neurotoxins --- NMR spectroscopy --- biochemical characterization --- jellyfish blooms --- Cnidaria --- Ctenophora --- biodiversity --- bioactive compounds --- blue biotechnology --- invertebrate proteins --- biological activity --- antioxidants --- collagen --- pepsin hydrolysis --- collagenase hydrolysis --- oxidative stress --- keratinocytes --- cytotoxicity --- Easter Island --- Actinobacteria --- anthraquinones --- symbionts --- marine invertebrates --- spectroscopy --- chromatography --- Pelagia noctiluca --- Mediterranean jellyfish --- chemical characterization --- aquafeed and food supplements --- sustainable fishing

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Jellyfish form spectacular population blooms and there is compelling evidence that jellyfish blooms are becoming more frequent and widespread. Blooms have enormous ecological, economic, and social impacts. For example, they have been implicated in the decline of commercial fisheries, they block the cooling water intakes of coastal industries and ships, and reduce the amenity of coastal waters for tourists. Blooms may be caused by overfishing, climate change, and coastal pollution, which all affect coastal waters around the world. Jellyfish Blooms: Causes, Consequences and Recent Advances presents reviews and original research articles written by the world’s leading experts on jellyfish. Topics covered include the evolution of jellyfish blooms, the impacts of climate change on jellyfish populations, advances in acoustic and molecular methods used to study jellyfish, the role of jellyfish in food webs and nutrient cycles, and the ecology of the benthic stages of the jellyfish life history. This is a valuable resource for students and professional marine biologists, fisheries scientists, oceanographers, and researchers of climate change.

Jellyfishes --- Cnidaria --- Cnidarians --- Coelenterata --- Coelenterates --- Radiata --- Bell-shaped jellies --- Jellies (Cnidaria) --- Jellyfish --- Medusae --- Medusozoa --- Medusozoans --- Nettles, Sea --- Sea jellies --- Sea nettles --- True jellies --- Life sciences. --- Aquatic ecology. --- Invertebrates. --- Wildlife. --- Fish. --- Life Sciences. --- Freshwater & Marine Ecology. --- Fish & Wildlife Biology & Management. --- Invertebrates --- Aquatic biology. --- Wildlife management. --- Invertebrata --- Animals --- Animal populations --- Game management --- Management, Game --- Management, Wildlife --- Plant populations --- Wildlife resources --- Natural resources --- Wildlife conservation --- Hydrobiology --- Water biology --- Aquatic sciences --- Biology --- Management --- Aquatic ecology . --- Fish --- Pisces --- Aquatic animals --- Vertebrates --- Fisheries --- Fishing --- Ichthyology --- Aquatic biology --- Ecology

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This second edition of the Special Issue “Marine Bioactive Peptides: Structure, Function, and Therapeutic Potential - II” published papers on up-to-date information regarding isolation, structural elucidation, functional characterization, and therapeutic potential evaluation of peptides isolated from marine organisms. Chemical synthesis and biotechnological production of marine peptides and their mimetics will also be a focus of this Special Issue. In addition, this Special Issue will publish new results arising from a peptidomic approach. 24 Papers were accepted and included in the first issue, which we published as a Special Issue book (https://www.mdpi.com/books/pdfview/book/1742). Following the success of the first Special Issue, as Guest Editor, I invite researchers in the field to contribute to the second edition entitled " Marine Bioactive Peptides: Structure, Function, and Therapeutic Potential - II] ".

Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorous niphonius) --- muscle --- peptide --- antioxidant activity --- stability --- biological activity --- chemistry --- marine derived fungi --- peptides --- biotransformation --- laxaphycin --- autophagy --- apoptosis --- cyanobacteria --- bioactive peptides --- marine --- secondary structure --- proline --- mechanism of activity --- marine waste --- antimicrobial peptide --- polychaeta --- innate immunity --- BRICHOS domain --- recombinant peptide --- β-hairpin structure --- nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) --- arenicin --- complement system --- complement regulation --- jellyfish --- Rhopilema esculentum --- Sanderia malayensis --- proteome --- venom --- toxin --- hydrolysate --- fish protein --- ageing --- physical function --- dietary assessment --- seafood intake --- healthy ageing --- marine organism --- anticancer medicine --- small peptide --- liner peptide --- cyclic peptide --- marine peptide --- dolastatin 10 --- antitumor --- lead exploration --- n/a