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As climate-change- and human-induced floods inflict increasing costs upon the planet, both in terms of lives and environmental damage, flood monitoring tools derived from remote sensing platforms have undergone improvements in their performance and capabilities in terms of spectral, spatial and temporal extents and resolutions. Such improvements raise new challenges connected to data analysis and interpretation, in terms of, e.g., effectively discerning the presence of floodwaters in different land-cover types and environmental conditions or refining the accuracy of detection algorithms. In this sense, high expectations are placed on new methods that integrate information obtained from multiple techniques, platforms, sensors, bands and acquisition times. Moreover, the assessment of such techniques strongly benefits from collaboration with hydrological and/or hydraulic modeling of the evolution of flood events. The aim of this Special Issue is to provide an overview of recent advancements in the state of the art of flood monitoring methods and techniques derived from remotely sensed data.

mobile mapping system --- RRI model --- high-water marks --- inundation --- Northern Kyushu floods --- point clouds --- flood mapping --- temporary flooded vegetation (TFV) --- Sentinel-1 --- time series data --- Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) --- sentinel-1 --- SAR --- flood --- image classification --- clustering --- monsoon --- Philippines --- LiDAR --- geometric parameters --- levee stability --- overtopping --- Pearl River Delta --- CYGNSS --- flood detection --- Sistan and Baluchestan --- GNSS-R --- flood monitoring --- ALOS 2 --- multi-sensor integration --- multi-temporal inundation analysis --- Zambesi-Shire river basin --- image processing --- hydrology --- synthetic aperture radar --- n/a

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River discharge is a fundamental hydrologic quantity that summarizes how a watershed transforms the input of precipitation into output as channelized streamflow. Accurate discharge measurements are critical for a range of applications including water supply, navigation, recreation, management of in-stream habitat, and the prediction and monitoring of floods and droughts. However, the traditional stream gage networks that provide such data are sparse and declining. Remote sensing represents an appealing alternative for obtaining streamflow information. Potential advantages include greater efficiency, expanded coverage, increased measurement frequency, lower cost and reduced risk to field personnel. In addition, remote sensing provides opportunities to examine long river segments with continuous coverage and high spatial resolution. To realize these benefits, research must focus on the remote measurement of flow velocity, channel geometry and their product: river discharge. This Special Issue fostered the development of novel methods for retrieving discharge and its components, and thus stimulated progress toward an operational capacity for streamflow monitoring. The papers herein address all aspects of the remote measurement of streamflow—estimation of flow velocity, bathymetry (water depth), and discharge—from various types of remotely sensed data acquired from a range of platforms: manned and unmanned aircraft, satellites, and ground-based non-contact sensors.

estuary --- morphology --- rapid assessment --- bathymetry --- flow velocity --- salinity --- tool --- remotely-sensed imagery --- small unmanned aerial system (sUAS) --- river flow --- thermal infrared imagery --- particle image velocimetry --- lidar bathymetry --- fluvial --- geomorphology --- change detection --- remotely piloted aircraft system --- refraction correction --- structure-from-motion photogrammetry --- water surface elevation --- topographic error --- machine learning --- UAV LiDAR --- airborne laser bathymetry --- full waveform processing --- performance assessment --- high resolution hydro-mapping --- remote sensing --- rivers --- discharge --- hydrology --- modelling --- ungauged basins --- Alaska --- river --- PIV --- large-scale particle image velocimetry --- LSPIV --- surface velocity --- river discharge --- Doppler radar --- pulsed radar --- probability concept --- water temperature --- salmonids --- Pend Oreille River --- thermal infrared (TIR) --- acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) --- channel bathymetry --- cold-water refuge --- dam --- flooding --- high-water marks (HWMs) --- small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) --- drone --- photogrammetry --- hydraulic modeling --- aerial photography --- surveying --- inundation --- Landsat --- streamflow --- flow frequency --- satellite revisit time --- flow regime