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Athena (Greek deity) --- Hera (Greek deity)

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The subject of this work is the cult of goddess Hera in the Greek colony of Poseidonia, in Southern Italy. The work focuses on the process through which the local Italic Lucanians preserved and continued the cult after they had taken control of the city from the Greeks sometime between 420 and 410 BCE. Archaeological material, such as votive clay figurines, and the topographical and architectural features of several cultic places were employed as the primary data sources. By combining evidence from the iconographic typologies of the clay figurines and the topography and the architecture of both Greek and Lucanian sanctuaries, this work postulates that the absorption and the reshaping of the cult of Hera was a natural process for the Lucanians, since they had long had deities who shared the same attributes as Hera in their own religion. Scholars have studied the cult of Hera in Poseidonia almost exclusively as a Greek phenomenon. The Lucanians have been considered only as adopters of the cult following a unidirectional Hellenisation process. Older research has dismissed or underestimated the influence of the Lucanians on the cult and their decisive role in preserving it until the Roman Imperial period. If one dismisses a sort of pervasive Hellenisation as the reason behind the appropriation of the cult by the Lucanians, then the causes may lay in the nature of Poseidoniate Hera herself, and in specific features of the Lucanian religion. The Hera of Poseidonia had her roots in that particular Hera worshipped in the Argolid in mainland Greece. This Argive Hera had pre-Homeric features, according to which she was the patron goddess of vegetation and fertility, with a strong chthonic character. The Achaean cities of Magna Graecia, including Poseidonia, held Hera as one of their main deities. Archaeological evidence suggests that her cult in Poseidonia continued and thrived when the Lucanians, a non-Greek population, came into control of the city. In fact, most of the votive gifts dedicated to Hera in Poseidonia are dated to the Lucanian period. The Greeks and the Lucanians created a multicultural society, which was reflected by their shared religious worship of the goddess. This process was facilitated by the fact that several Lucanian female deities, and particularly Mefitis, the main goddess of Lucanian religion, shared similar attributes with Poseidoniate Hera. Comparing the votive figurines recovered from Paestan sanctuaries dedicated to Hera and the topographical features of her sanctuaries to the main features of Lucanian cultic places, and to the iconography of votive gifts dedicated in Lucanian sanctuaries, this research suggests that widely shared religious similarities enabled the continuation of the cult of Hera in Poseidonia/Paestum. In addition, by taking into consideration Lucanian religion and the architectonic and topographic planning of its shrines, it is possible to suggest possible solutions to several problematic issues related to the cult of Hera in the Lucanian period, such as the changes in the iconography of the goddess in votive figurines, and certain architectonic features introduced in the Lucanian period that are reminiscent of Lucanian construction practices. Concerning ritual practices, the increase in common ritual dining was the result of the arrival of chthonic cults in Lucanian Paestum, or at least the addition of chthonic aspects typical of the agrarian and chthonic cults of the Lucanian inland to existing Greek cults. This was true for the cult of Hera as well. The archaeological evidence suggests the arrival of Lucanian rural chthonic religious practices connected with common ritual dining in the form of bone finds related to chthonic cults (dogs, cockerels), the development of peculiar forms of incense burners, and the presence of sacrificial pits and water channels associated with altars. The cult of Hera thrived throughout the Greek and Lucanian periods until the foundation of the Roman colony of Paestum in 273 BCE, when it was incorporated into the cult of the Capitoline Triad and gradually lost its primacy to cults favoured by the new Roman colonists.

Héra, --- Italy --- Religious life and customs. --- Temples --- Multiculturalism --- Religious aspects --- Hera --- Cult --- Art.

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Epic poetry, Greek --- Goddesses, Greek, in literature --- Hera (Greek deity) in literature --- Hera (Greek deity) --- Heroes in literature --- Ritual in literature --- History and criticism --- Cult --- Homer.

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Architecture --- -Architecture, Greek --- Decoration and ornament, Architectural --- Temple of Hera (Paestum) --- Temple of Hera I (Paestum) --- Paestum (Extinct city) --- -Buildings, structures, etc --- -Architectural decoration and ornament --- Stonework, Decorative --- Architectural design --- Exterior walls --- Greek architecture --- Architecture, Western (Western countries) --- Building design --- Buildings --- Construction --- Western architecture (Western countries) --- Art --- Building --- Decoration and ornament --- Design and construction --- -Paestum (Ancient city) --- Poseidonia (Extinct city) --- Italy --- Buildings, structures, etc --- Antiquities --- Architecture, Greek. --- -Temple of Hera (Paestum) --- -Greek architecture --- Architectural decoration and ornament --- Architecture, Greek --- Paestum (Ancient city) --- Buildings, structures, etc. --- Architecture, Primitive --- Architecture - - Paestum (Extinct city) - Italy --- Decoration and ornament, Architectural - Greece --- Paestum (Extinct city) - - Buildings, structures, etc --- -Architecture

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Hera (Greek deity) --- Mythology, Greek --- Temples --- Temples, Greek --- Héra (Divinité grecque) --- Mythologie grecque --- Temples grecs --- Congresses --- Cult --- Congrès --- Culte --- Greece --- Italy --- Grèce --- Italie --- Religion --- Antiquities --- Antiquities, Greek --- Antiquités --- Antiquités grecques --- Goddesses, Greek --- Excavations (Archaeology) --- Congresses. --- Mythology --- Regions & Countries - Europe --- History & Archaeology --- Hera --- -Goddesses, Greek --- -Hera (Greek deity) --- -292.211 --- Greek goddesses --- Archaeological digs --- Archaeological excavations --- Digs (Archaeology) --- Excavation sites (Archaeology) --- Ruins --- Sites, Excavation (Archaeology) --- Archaeology --- -Congresses --- Religion Classical Greek and Roman Gods, goddesses, divinities and deities --- -Congresses. --- Conferences - Meetings --- Héra (Divinité grecque) --- Congrès --- Grèce --- Antiquités --- Antiquités grecques --- Era --- Gera --- Héire --- Hērē --- Ἥρα --- Ἥρη --- هيرا --- Гера --- Хера --- 헤라 --- הרה --- ヘーラー --- 赫拉 --- Griechenland --- Hellas --- Yaṿan --- Vasileion tēs Hellados --- Hellēnikē Dēmokratia --- République hellénique --- Royaume de Grèce --- Kingdom of Greece --- Hellenic Republic --- Ancient Greece --- Ελλάδα --- Ellada --- Ελλάς --- Ellas --- Ελληνική Δημοκρατία --- Ellēnikē Dēmokratia --- Elliniki Dimokratia --- Grecia --- Grčija --- Hellada --- Juno --- اليونان --- يونان --- al-Yūnān --- Yūnān --- 希腊 --- Xila --- Греция --- Gret︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- 292.211 --- Mythology&delete& --- Hera (Greek deity) - Congresses. --- Goddesses, Greek - Mythology - Congresses. --- Excavations (Archaeology) - Greece - Congresses. --- images --- Zeus --- Héraion de Foce del Sele --- Héraion de Samos --- Grèce archaïque --- Arcadie --- Béotie --- iconographie --- Héra --- espaces --- cultes --- Samos --- Poseidonia --- Héraion d’Argos