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Background information on supply voltage fluctuations caused by fluctuations in power demands of installations is provided by this standard. The manifestation of these supply voltage fluctuations as lamp flicker is presented in this standard. A flicker measurement method using a meter that is described in IEC 61000-4-15 is presented in this standard. The short-term (Pst) and long-term (Plt) indices used for the quantification of lamp flicker are defined in this standard. For different system voltages, planning levels for flicker that the utilities need their system to be limited to in order to reduce customer complaints are defined in this standard. The procedure for determining emission limits for individual installations at the point of common coupling (PCC) so that the planning levels can be achieved in practice is defined in this standard. Then, an assessment procedure for evaluating flicker compliance against emission limits is described. Methodologies to analyze background flicker to identify the flicker contribution of individual sources are also presented in this standard. Rapid voltage changes (RVCs) that are caused by various system events such as switching of capacitor banks, energization of power transformers, and starting of induction motors are also addressed by this standard. Methods to estimate flicker or RVCs at the PCC for various types of fluctuating installations are provided by this document. Example terms and language that can be the basis for defining relative responsibilities and assessment methods for installations that may cause flicker and RVCs are included in the document.

Fluctuations (Physics)

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The conference covers the noise and fluctuation phenomena in a wide range of materials, devices and systems It is also a platform for researchers around the world for exchange in both the fundamental and applied nature of noise.

Fluctuations (Physics) --- Noise control

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Fluctuations (Physics) --- Fluctuations (Physics) --- Stochastic processes --- Computer simulation --- Experiments

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Fluctuations (Physics) --- 536 --- Variations (Physics) --- Stochastic processes --- Heat. Thermodynamics --- Fluctuations (Physics). --- 536 Heat. Thermodynamics

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Business cycle theory has been one of the fastest growing fields in modern nonlinear economic dynamics. The book is centered around models of multiplier-accelerator type, emerging from Samuelson's seminal work, later developed into nonlinear formats by Hicks and Goodwin. These models left open ends, as the tools then available did not permit more systematic analysis. The present situation is different, due to the emergence of new methods also focusing global analysis. The focus on classical, causal or recursive models implies a deviation from current main stream business cycle theory, based on "rational expectations", which in view of the possibility of mathematical chaos becomes untenable. This book is a rejoinder to Puu and Sushko, Oligopoly Dynamics - Models and Tools, (Springer 2002).

Business cycles --- Economics --- Mathematical models --- Economic cycles --- Economic fluctuations --- Cycles