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Encephalocele --- Ectoderm --- Ethmoid Bone --- Frontal Bone --- embryology --- ultrastructure --- abnormalities --- abnormalities

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Viruses exhibit an elegant simplicity as they are so basic, but so frightening. Although only a few are life threatening, they have substantial implications for human health and the economy, as exemplified by the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. Viruses are rather small infectious agents found in all types of life forms, from animals and plants to prokaryotes and archaebacteria. They are obligate intracellular parasites, and as such, subvert many molecular and cellular processes of the host cell to ensure their own replication, amplification, and subsequent spread. This Special Issue addresses the cell biology of viral infections based on a collection of original research articles, communications, opinions, and reviews on various aspects of virus–host cell interactions. Together, these articles not only provide a glance into the latest research on the cell biology of viral infections but also include novel technological developments.

ectoderm --- mesoderm --- human development --- embryogenesis --- interferon response --- interferon-induced genes --- self-organizing map (SOM) data portrayal --- epigenetic signature --- embryoid body --- TGF-β and Wnt/β-catenin pathway --- interferon --- tumor necrosis factor --- STAT --- interferon regulatory factor --- antiviral --- autoimmunity --- inflammation --- hepatitis C virus --- HCV --- erlin-1 --- erlin-2 --- host factor --- endoplasmic reticulum --- RNA replication --- protein production --- virus production --- lipid droplet --- TAP-GFP --- fluorescent TAP platform --- antigen presentation --- MHC I --- immune evasion --- BoHV-1 UL49.5 --- virus --- calcium channels --- calcium pumps --- virus–host interaction --- Ebola virus --- filovirus --- inclusion bodies --- NXF1 --- liquid organelles --- mRNA export --- cancer immunotherapy --- oncolytic virus --- herpes simplex virus --- immune checkpoint inhibitor --- angiogenesis inhibitor --- rabies --- uDISCO --- 3D imaging --- rabies pathogenicity --- astrocyte infection --- metabolism --- apoptosis --- autophagy --- HIV-1 spread --- cell-free infection --- cell–cell transmission --- 3D cultures --- mathematical modeling --- environmental restriction --- CAD --- pyrimidine synthesis --- HEV --- particle production --- viral replication --- virus entry --- hantavirus --- Tula virus --- replication --- factory --- RNA synthesis --- Golgi --- stress granules --- actin cytoskeleton --- nucleocapsid transport --- Arp2/3 complex --- ERAP2 --- ERAP2/Iso3 --- microbial infections --- alternative splicing --- SARS-CoV-2 --- host cell response --- coronavirus --- MERS-CoV --- SARS-CoV --- sialic acid --- Siglec --- antiviral peptide --- enveloped viruses --- membrane phosphatidylserine --- envelope disruption --- membrane damage --- antiviral autophagy --- galectin --- bacterial invasion --- adenovirus --- lysophagy --- ESCRT machinery --- cedar virus --- henipavirus --- fusion protein --- endocytosis --- biological activity --- feline coronavirus --- feline enteric coronavirus --- FECV --- feline infectious peritonitis virus --- FIPV --- feline intestinal organoids --- alphaviruses --- cell death --- mosquito --- tolerance