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Zola, Émile,

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Zola, Émile, --- Criticism and interpretation

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Zola has begun to receive the serious critical study he deserves, but which, chiefly for religious and political resons, has until recent years been denied. Professor Lapp now makes an important contribution to this recent work on Zola. It is his belief that a study of the early works of all great writers is indispensable to an understanding of their main work (in this case Rougon-Macquart). In making his examination Professor Lapp has been interested in determining whether certain patters of plot, character, situation, and image which occur constantly throughout the Rougon-Macquart were present also in the works prior to 1870. His study shows that they were, and it places Zola in the novelistic tradition stretching from the eighteenth century to the present. It also demonstrates that Zola's chief problem, like Balzac's and Flaubert's, was to reconcile the romantic and the realistic world views. This clash of opposites becomes more evident when the earlier works are studied: in his first novel, La Confession de Claude, which like others of his early works has strong elements of autobiography in it, Zola exclaims concerning the ugly prostitute whom he makes his heroine, and whom Claude loves: "I am the dream, she is the reality." Evidently part of Zola's development involves the struggle for objectivity which he never fully obtains, since Claude-Zola appears in almost all of his novels. From this study, which inevitable involves comparisons between the early and later works, emerges a new view of Zola's art, of his sources, of his style, his character portrayal, and his use of myth, his descriptive technique, his handling of structure, point of view, and other matters of first importance in any study of a novelist. In describing Zola's development as a novelist Professor Lapp succeeds, too, in showing that at the roots of Zola's naturalism lay an attitude to life which developed very early and which found its finest expression in a peculiarc conjunction of the mytho-poetic tradition and his own "bursting out upon" the world.

Zola, Émile, --- Criticism and interpretation.

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Paul Alexis was a novelist, journalist, and dramatist, one of the€ naturalistes, and a friend of Emile Zola. This volume brings together for the first time the 229 letters still in existence from him to Zola.

LITERARY COLLECTIONS / Letters. --- Alexis, Paul, --- Correspondence (Zola, Émile) --- Correspondance (Zola, Émile)

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Voici un ensemble de quelque 500 lettres - dont plus de la moitié n’ont jamais été publiées - d’Émile Zola à divers correspondants, de 1858 à 1902. Le célèbre écrivain s’adresse, parmi les proches et les fidèles, à sa femme Alexandrine, à Georges Charpentier, à Numa Coste et à Marius Roux. Parmi les collaborateurs et les disciples, on retrouve Huysmans et Maupassant ; parmi les écrivains et les journalistes contemporains, Paul Bourget, Jules Claretie, Alphonse Daudet et Mallarmé. Citons également l’illustrateur Gustave Doré, la romancière Georges de Peyrebrune et Louis Montchal, bibliothécaire genevois dont les nombreuses lettres adressées à Zola offrent un témoignage fascinant sur la réception du naturalisme dans la ville de Calvin. Cette richesse épistolaire laisse voir tour à tour le lycéen déraciné qui semble voué à une carrière d’ingénieur, le chef de la publicité de la librairie Hachette qui fait jouer le réseau de ses relations pour lancer ses premiers livres, le jeune journaliste confiant dans la vigueur de sa plume, le candidat à un poste de sous-préfet après la débâcle de l’Empire, ainsi que le créateur passionné de l’édifice des Rougon-Macquart. Ces 502 lettres offrent un complément à la volumineuse Correspondance précédemment publiée aux Presses de l’Université de Montréal en collaboration avec CNRS Éditions. Elles sont appelées à occuper une place de choix dans l’ensemble des œuvres de Zola et à renouveler ainsi notre connaissance de l’écrivain.

Novelists, French --- Zola, Émile, --- Romanciers français --- correspondance