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This procedure is intended for form-wound bars/coils for rotating machines rated 10 kV or more at 50 Hz or 60 Hz that are subjected to many transitions from no-load to full-load current during normal operations, and where rapid load variations are typical. Only the thermal cyclic degradation within the groundwall insulation and/or the conductor package and delamination of the groundwall insulation from the conductor are addressed by this test. The procedure is applicable to indirectly-cooled machine types such as: (1) combustion turbine generators (2) pumped storage or peaking duty hydrogenerators (3) synchronous condensers (4) cyclic duty water pump motors. Various pass/fail criteria are presented, and the ones that apply in a specific circumstance must be agreed between user and manufacturer prior to commencement of testing.

Thermal analysis.

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Thermal analysis

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The rapid growth of modern industry has resulted in a growing demand for construction materials with excellent operational properties. However, the improved features of these materials can significantly hinder their manufacture and, therefore, they can be defined as hard-to-cut. The main difficulties during the manufacturing/processing of hard-to-cut materials are attributed especially to their high hardness and abrasion resistance, high strength at room or elevated temperatures, increased thermal conductivity, as well as resistance to oxidation and corrosion. Nowadays, the group of hard-to-cut materials is extensive and still expanding, which is attributed to the development of a novel manufacturing techniques (e.g., additive technologies). Currently, the group of hard-to-cut materials mainly includes hardened and stainless steels, titanium, cobalt and nickel alloys, composites, ceramics, as well as the hard clads fabricated by additive techniques. This Special Issue, "Advances in Hard-to-Cut Materials: Manufacturing, Properties, Process Mechanics and Evaluation of Surface Integrity", provides the collection of research papers regarding the various problems correlated with hard-to-cut materials. The analysis of these studies reveals the primary directions regarding the developments in manufacturing methods, characterization, and optimization of hard-to-cut materials.

Thermal conductivity.

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Thermal analysis

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Das sechsbändige Lehrbuch wurde umfassend aktualisiert und erscheint in der 2. Auflage komplett in Farbe. Es bietet für Lehrende und Lernende der Physik eine Brücke von Phänomenen, Modellbildung und Experimenten zu weiterführenden Theorien. Sein logischer Aufbau und die übersichtliche Darstellung unterstützen die Studierenden mit klaren Lernhilfen auf verschiedenen Ebenen. Band 4: Wellenoptik, Geometrische Optik, Wärmestrahlung. The six-volume textbook has been comprehensively updated and this 2nd edition appears completely in color. It offers physics teachers and students a bridge from phenomena, modeling and experiments to advanced theories. Its logical structure and clear presentation support the students with clear learning aids on various levels. Volume 4: Wave Optics, Geometric Optics, Thermal Radiation.

Thermal radiation.