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Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi (1743-1819), Philosoph und Schriftsteller, wirkte 1772-1779, bevor er mit dem Spinozastreit (1785/86) als Philosoph berühmt wurde, als Wirtschaftspolitiker in kurfürstlichen Diensten, und zwar als Hofkammerat und Geheimrat in den Rheinlanden (Jülich-Berg) und kurze Zeit in Bayern (1779). Aufbauend auf die Theorien der sog. Physiokraten, z.B. eines Turgot, und der Freihandelslehre Adam Smith kämpfte er, wenn auch mit bescheidenen Erfolgen, für einen von staatlicher Bevormundung freien Markt. Aufgrund bisher unbekannter Dokumente wird diese Tätigkeit minutiös rekonstruiert. Philosophisch eine nicht unbedeutende Komponente in der Ausbildung moderner Vertragstheorien, erscheint sie theoriegeschichtlich als ökonomische Leistung, die nachhaltig auf die Herausbildung moderner Wirtschaftsformen eingewirkt hat.

Economics --- Physiocrats. --- History --- Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich, --- Physiocrats

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Comment l'économie politique en est-elle venue à faire figure de science générale de la société au milieu du XVIIIè siècle en France ? C'est le problème que soulève l'émergence de la " science nouvelle " de François Quesnay et de son oncle (la Physiocratie). Pour le comprendre, il faut explorer les différentes dimensions de la " science nouvelle " et partir des rapports qu'elle entretient avec la pensée économique de son époque, avec la philosophie et avec les nouvelles formes du politique. La " science nouvelle " puise dans le fonds des débats et des réflexions sur l'activité économique (l'économie et la théorie du commerce), mais s'en détache très nettement en prenant au sérieux les exigences de scientificité que la philosophie cartésienne et, surtout, sensualiste, font alors valoir.S'appuyant sur la théorie de la connaissance, la " science nouvelle " développe une réflexion sur le comportement intéressé des individus et l'associe au droit naturel pour concevoir un corps politique unifié autour du fonctionnement économique de différentes sortes de propriété. Finalement, elle porte la réflexion jusqu'au politique et préconise la formation d'un espace public bourgeois où, grâce à la diffusion du savoir qu'elle initie, le bien-être économique accompagne l'émergence d'un nouvel équilibre politique.

Economics --- Physiocrats --- Bodenreform --- Economists --- Economic theory --- Political economy --- Social sciences --- Economic man --- Physiocrats. --- Economie politique --- Physiocrates --- History. --- Histoire

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The mid-eighteenth century witnessed what might be dubbed an economic turn that resolutely changed the trajectory of world history. The discipline of economics itself emerged amidst this turn, and it is frequently traced back to the work of François Quesnay and his school of Physiocracy. Though lionized by the subsequent historiography of economics, the theoretical postulates and policy consequences of Physiocracy were disastrous at the time, resulting in a veritable subsistence trauma in France. This galvanized relentless and diverse critiques of the doctrine not only in France but also throughout the European world that have, hitherto, been largely neglected by scholars. Though Physiocracy was an integral part of the economic turn, it was rapidly overcome, both theoretically and practically, with durable and important consequences for the history of political economy. The Economic Turn brings together some of the leading historians of that moment to fundamentally recast our understanding of the origins and diverse natures of political economy in the Enlightenment.

Physiocrats. --- Economics --- Economic theory --- Political economy --- Social sciences --- Economic man --- Bodenreform --- Economists

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Economics --- Physiocrats --- Grain trade --- Economie politique --- Physiocrates --- Céréales --- Commerce --- Economic theory --- Political economy --- Social sciences --- Economic man --- Céréales --- Bodenreform --- Economists --- Produce trade

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The Physiocrats believed that wealth came exclusively from the land, that nature was fecund and man could harness its reproductive forces. Capital investments in agriculture and hard work would create profits that circulated to other sectors and supported all social institutions. Physiocracy, which originated in late eighteenth-century France, is therefore widely considered a forerunner of modern economic theory. The Physiocrats and the World of the Enlightenment places the Physiocrats in context by inscribing economic theory within broader Enlightenment culture. Liana Vardi discusses three theorists - Francois Quesnay; Victor Riquetti, marquis de Mirabeau; and Pierre Samuel Du Pont de Nemours - and shows how their understanding of mental processes, science, politics, and the arts influenced their individual approach to economic writing. The difficulty in explaining the doctrine, combined with the expectation that the public would be persuaded by its arguments, mired physiocracy in endless contradictions. This work offers a framework for understanding physiocratic theory and its complicated relation to modern economics.

Physiocrats. --- HISTORY / Europe / General. --- Economic schools --- Economics --- Enlightenment --- Physiocrats --- Bodenreform --- Economists --- Aufklärung --- Eighteenth century --- Philosophy, Modern --- Rationalism --- Economic theory --- Political economy --- Social sciences --- Economic man --- Economics. --- Enlightenment. --- E-books --- Arts and Humanities --- History --- Mouvement des lumières --- Physiocrates --- Mouvement des lumières