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The traditional flow of goods from primary production through to manufacturing and consumption has expanded across international borders conterminously with globalization. Vertical specialization (VS) in processing and manufacturing in China has driven export growth. In particular, intra-industry and intra-product trade between China, the US and East Asia has increased China's trade surplus over the long term. Vertical Specialization and Trade Surplus in China aims to measure the level of VS in the Chinese manufacturing industry to provide a more accurate representation of China's trade surplu

China -- Commerce. --- Industrial procurement. --- Vertical integration -- United States. --- Commerce --- Business & Economics --- Local Commerce --- International trade. --- Balance of trade --- Offshore assembly industry --- Investments, Foreign --- Intermediate goods --- China --- Commerce. --- Intermediate products --- Semi-finished products --- Assembly industry, Offshore --- Export assembly industry --- In-bond industry --- Maquila plants --- Maquiladora industry --- Maquiladoras --- Maquilas --- Offshore manufacturing --- Outsourcing (International trade) --- Overseas assembly industry --- Twin plant industry --- Deficits, Trade --- Trade, Balance of --- Trade balance --- Trade deficits --- Trade surpluses --- Surpluses, Trade --- External trade --- Foreign commerce --- Foreign trade --- Global commerce --- Global trade --- Trade, International --- World trade --- Manufactures --- Export processing zones --- International trade --- Balance of payments --- Mercantile system --- Payment --- International economic relations --- Non-traded goods --- E-books

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Industrial economics --- Employment (Economic theory) --- Factories --- -Industrial location --- Industrial policy --- Industrial promotion --- Infrastructure (Economics) --- International division of labor --- Labor costs --- Labor market --- Labor productivity --- Offshore assembly industry --- Skilled labor --- Manufacturing industries --- -Industries --- Manufactures --- Labor --- Assembly industry, Offshore --- Export assembly industry --- In-bond industry --- Maquila plants --- Maquiladora industry --- Maquiladoras --- Maquilas --- Offshore manufacturing --- Outsourcing (International trade) --- Overseas assembly industry --- Twin plant industry --- Export processing zones --- Labor output --- Productivity of labor --- Industrial productivity --- Capital productivity --- Hours of labor --- Labor time --- Productivity bargaining --- Employees --- Market, Labor --- Supply and demand for labor --- Markets --- Costs, Labor --- Payroll costs --- Personnel costs --- Costs, Industrial --- International specialization --- Division of labor --- International economic relations --- Comparative advantage (International trade) --- Commerce --- Industrial development projects --- Business --- Industries --- Industry and state --- Economic policy --- Business enterprises --- Business location --- Corporations --- Industries, Location of --- Location of industries --- Plant location --- Regional planning --- Space in economics --- Factory buildings --- Industrial plants --- Manufacturing plants --- Mills (Buildings) --- Plants (Industrial buildings) --- Factory system --- Industrial buildings --- Mills and mill-work --- Workshops --- Economics --- Capital, Social (Economics) --- Economic infrastructure --- Social capital (Economics) --- Social infrastructure --- Social overhead capital --- Economic development --- Human settlements --- Public goods --- Public works --- Capital --- Location --- Supply and demand --- Costs --- Government policy --- Industrial location. --- Industrial policy. --- Industrial promotion. --- International division of labor. --- Labor costs. --- Labor market. --- Labor productivity. --- Offshore assembly industry. --- Skilled labor. --- Location. --- Employment (Economic theory). --- Infrastructure (Economics). --- -Location --- -Labor --- Industrial location