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Since 1999, test methods for freezing conditions, including ice and snow, have been refined by the IEEE Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society and IEEE Power and Energy Society Task Forces on insulator icing. In this guide, the discussion is consolidated, and specific, appropriate, and reproducible test methods for selecting adequate insulators are recommended. Test methods for substation and line insulators at distribution and transmission voltage levels are included in the scope. Special measures to reproduce the environmental and insulator parameters that influence the risk of flashover in freezing conditions are detailed in the test methods. Statistical methods are also recommended to assist in the insulator selection process. Keywords: cold fog, contamination, high-voltage testing, ice, icing, insulators, salt fog, snow.

Insulators, Topological.

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This book presents experimental studies on emergent transport and magneto-optical properties in three-dimensional topological insulators with two-dimensional Dirac fermions on their surfaces. Designing magnetic heterostructures utilizing a cutting-edge growth technique (molecular beam epitaxy) stabilizes and manifests new quantization phenomena, as confirmed by low-temperature electrical transport and time-domain terahertz magneto-optical measurements. Starting with a review of the theoretical background and recent experimental advances in topological insulators in terms of a novel magneto-electric coupling, the author subsequently explores their magnetic quantum properties and reveals topological phase transitions between quantum anomalous Hall insulator and trivial insulator phases; a new topological phase (the axion insulator); and a half-integer quantum Hall state associated with the quantum parity anomaly. Furthermore, the author shows how these quantum phases can be significantly stabilized via magnetic modulation doping and proximity coupling with a normal ferromagnetic insulator. These findings provide a basis for future technologies such as ultra-low energy consumption electronic devices and fault-tolerant topological quantum computers.

Magnetooptics. --- Topological insulators. --- Insulators, Topological --- Electric insulators and insulation --- Electronic apparatus and appliances --- Magneto-optical effects --- Magneto-optics --- Magnetooptical effects --- Optical phenomena, Influence of magnetism on --- Optics --- Materials

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Since the initial predictions for the existence of Weyl fermions in condensed matter, many different experimental techniques have confirmed the existence of Weyl semimetals. Among these techniques, optical responses have shown a variety of effects associated with the existence of Weyl fermions. In chiral crystals, we find a new type of fermions protected by crystal symmetries — the chiral multifold fermions — that can be understood as a higher-spin generalization of Weyl fermions. This work analyzes how multifold fermions interact with light and highlights the power of optical responses to identify and characterize multifold fermions and the materials hosting them. In particular, we find optical selection rules, compute the linear optical response of all chiral multifold fermions, and analyze the non-linear optical responses and their relation to the presence of topological bands. Finally, the research presented here analyzes the theoretical foundations and experimental features of optical responses of two multifold semimetals, RhSi and CoSi, connecting the observed features with the theoretical predictions and demonstrating the power of optical responses to understand real-life multifold semimetals.

Condensed matter. --- Topological insulators. --- Nanophotonics. --- Plasmonics. --- Condensed Matter Physics. --- Topological Material. --- Phase Transition and Critical Phenomena. --- Nanophotonics and Plasmonics. --- Electronics --- Plasma engineering --- Nano photonics --- Photonics --- Insulators, Topological --- Electric insulators and insulation --- Electronic apparatus and appliances --- Condensed materials --- Condensed media --- Condensed phase --- Materials, Condensed --- Media, Condensed --- Phase, Condensed --- Liquids --- Matter --- Solids --- Materials --- Physics --- Science

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This book provides a model description for the electromagnetic response of topological nodal semimetals and summarizes recent experimental findings in these systems. Specifically, it discusses various types of topological semimetals – Dirac, Weyl, nodal-line, triple-point, and multifold semimetals – and provides description for the characteristic features of the linear electrodynamic response for all these types of materials. Topological semimetals possess peculiar bulk electronic band structure, which leads to unusual electrodynamic response. For example, the low-energy inter-band optical conductivity of nodal semimetals is supposed to demonstrate power-law frequency dependence and the intra- and inter-band contributions to the conductivity are often mixed. Further, the magneto-optical response is also unusual, because of the non-equidistant spacing between the Landau levels. Finally, in semimetals with chiral electronic bands, e.g. in Weyl semimetals, the simultaneous application of parallel magnetic and electric fields leads to the chiral anomaly, i.e. to a misbalance between the electrons with diffident chiralities. This misbalance affects the electrodynamics properties of the material and can be detected optically. All these points are addressed here in detail. The book is written for a wide audience of physicists, working in the field of topological condensed matter physics. It gives a pedagogical introduction enabling graduate students and non-experts to familiarize themselves with the subject.

Semimetals. --- Topology. --- Analysis situs --- Position analysis --- Rubber-sheet geometry --- Geometry --- Polyhedra --- Set theory --- Algebras, Linear --- Metalloids --- Metals --- Topological insulators. --- Metals. --- Condensed matter. --- Optical spectroscopy. --- Solid state chemistry. --- Topological Material. --- Metals and Alloys. --- Condensed Matter Physics. --- Optical Spectroscopy. --- Solid-State Chemistry. --- Chemistry, Solid state --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Spectroscopy, Optical --- Visible spectroscopy --- Spectrum analysis --- Condensed materials --- Condensed media --- Condensed phase --- Materials, Condensed --- Media, Condensed --- Phase, Condensed --- Liquids --- Matter --- Solids --- Metallic elements --- Chemical elements --- Ores --- Metallurgy --- Insulators, Topological --- Electric insulators and insulation --- Electronic apparatus and appliances --- Materials