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This paper assesses the empirical relevance of "dynamic" factors in industrialization in developing countries. Using data from a sample of 91 firms, rates of growth of output per unit of input are calculated. It is shown that there is little basis, at least with regard to Turkish experience, to the notion that non-traditional industries are in some sense more "dynamic" than traditional industries.

Import substitution --- Industrial productivity

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Import substitution --- Industries --- Acuerdo de Cartagena.

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Foreign trade promotion --- Import substitution --- Israel --- Commerce. --- Economic conditions.

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Foreign trade. International trade --- Import substitution --- Commerce --- Economic development --- 339.54 --- Import substitution. --- Substitution of imports --- Commercial policy --- Industrial promotion --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Economic policy --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Trade --- Business --- Transportation --- Buitenlandse economische politiek. Buitenlandse handelspolitiek. Instrumentarium van de buitenlandse handel --- 339.54 Buitenlandse economische politiek. Buitenlandse handelspolitiek. Instrumentarium van de buitenlandse handel --- Traffic (Commerce) --- Merchants

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About two hundred years ago, largely as a result of Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations, free trade achieved an intellectual status unrivaled by any other doctrine in the field of economics. What accounts for the success of free trade against then prevailing mercantilist doctrines? And how well has free trade withstood various theoretical attacks that have challenged it since Adam Smith's time? In this readable intellectual history, Douglas Irwin explains how the idea of free trade has endured against the tide of the abundant criticisms that have been leveled against it from the ancient world and Adam Smith's day to the present. An accessible, nontechnical look at one of the most important concepts in the field of economics, Against the Tide will allow the reader to put the ever new guises of protectionist thinking into the context of the past and discover why the idea of free trade has so successfully prevailed over time. Irwin traces the origins of the free trade doctrine from premercantilist times up to Adam Smith and the classical economists. In lucid and careful terms he shows how Smith's compelling arguments in favor of free trade overthrew mercantilist views that domestic industries should be protected from import competition. Once a presumption about the economic benefits of free trade was established, various objections to free trade arose in the form of major arguments for protectionism, such as those relating to the terms of trade, infant industries, increasing returns, wage distortions, income distribution, unemployment, and strategic trade policy. Discussing the contentious historical controversies surrounding each of these arguments, Irwin reveals the serious analytical and practical weaknesses of each, and in the process shows why free trade remains among the most durable and robust propositions that economics has to offer for the conduct of economic policy.

338 <09> --- 339.54 --- Economische geschiedenis --- Buitenlandse economische politiek. Buitenlandse handelspolitiek. Instrumentarium van de buitenlandse handel --- Freihandel. --- Geschichte. --- Wirtschaftstheorie. --- Welthandel. --- Freihandel --- Geschichte --- Wirtschaftstheorie --- 339.54 Buitenlandse economische politiek. Buitenlandse handelspolitiek. Instrumentarium van de buitenlandse handel --- 338 <09> Economische geschiedenis --- Free trade --- Free trade -- Protection --- Free trade and protection --- Libre circulation des marchandises --- Libre échange et protectionnisme --- Libre-échange --- Libre-échange -- Protection --- Libre-échange et protectionnisme --- Libre-échangisme --- Libéralisation des échanges --- Libération des échanges --- Trade [Free ] --- Trade liberalization --- Vrijhandel --- Vrijhandel -- Bescherming --- Vrijhandel en protectionisme --- #ECO:01.07:economie handel nationaal internationaal --- 810 Theorie en Methode --- 815 Geschiedenis --- 824 Globalisering --- 830 Economie --- 831 Internationale Politieke Economie --- 831.1 Handelspolitiek --- 882.4 Noord-Amerika --- 884.2 Noord-Europa --- 884.4 West-Europa --- Trade, Free --- Free trade. --- Libre-échange --- Foreign trade policy --- 382.0 --- 382.33 --- AA / International- internationaal --- International trade --- Algemeenheden. Techniek en praktijk van de internationale handel. Internationale economische betrekkingen --- Alexander, Sidney. --- Anderson, Karl. --- Bhagwati, Jagdish. --- Cairnes, John E. --- Chipman, John. --- Corn Laws. --- Davenant, Charles. --- Eaton, Jonathan. --- Edgeworth, F. Y. --- Hamilton, Alexander. --- Hicks, John R. --- Janssen, Theodore. --- King, Charles. --- Langholm, Odd. --- List, Friedrich. --- McCulloch, John Ramsay. --- Oswald, James. --- Petyt, William. --- Ricardo, David. --- Schumpeter, Joseph. --- Torrens, Robert. --- barter nature of trade. --- foreigners, aversion to. --- import substitution. --- natural liberty. --- History. --- Histoire