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Moving towards a sustainable and green economy requires the use of renewable resources for the production of fuels, chemicals, and materials. In such a scenario, the use of lignocellulosic biomass and waste streams plays an important role, as it consists of abundant renewable resources. The complex nature of lignocellulosic biomass dictates the use of a pretreatment process prior to any further processing. Traditional methods of biomass pretreatment fail to recover cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in clean streams. It has been recognized that the efficient use of all the main fractions of lignocellulosic biomass (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) is an important step towards a financially sustainable biomass biorefinery. In this context, switching from biomass pretreatment to biomass fractionation can offer a sustainable solution to recover relatively clean streams of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. This Special issue aims at exploring the most advanced solutions in biomass and waste pretreatment and fractionation techniques, together with novel (thermo)chemical and biochemical processes for the conversion of fractionated cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin to bioenergy, bio-based chemicals, and biomaterials, including the application of such products (i.e., use of biochar for filtration and metallurgical processes), as well as recent developments in kinetic, thermodynamic, and numeric modeling of conversion processes. The scope of this Special Issue will also cover progress in advanced measuring methods and techniques used in the characterization of biomass, waste, and products.

Acacia tortilis --- biofuel --- biomass --- pine dust --- pyrolysis --- Napier grass --- bioethanol --- biomass fractionation --- enzyme hydrolysis --- acid pretreatment --- alkali pretreatment --- microwave-assisted pretreatment --- pretreatment parameters --- enzymatic hydrolysis --- glucose --- xylose --- lignocellulosic sugars --- microbial lipid --- olive mill wastewater --- Cryptococcus curvatus --- Lipomyces starkeyi --- lignin --- organosolv fractionation --- TGA --- 31P NMR --- HSQC --- heat treatment --- charcoal --- electrical resistivity --- coal --- coke --- high-temperature treatment --- organosolv --- Kraft lignin --- etherification --- lignin functionalization --- thermoplastics --- oxidative lignin upgrade --- catalytic lignin oxidation --- vanadate --- molybdate --- ionosolv --- biomimetic --- bio-based reductant --- ferroalloy industry --- kiln --- 2nd generation sugars --- lignocellulose --- hydrolyzate --- biorefinery --- furfural --- hydroxymethylfurfural --- bioeconomy --- life cycle assessment --- sustainable biomass growth --- mining --- metallurgical coke --- n/a

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With daily signals, Nature is communicating us that its unconscious wicked exploitation is no more sustainable. Our socio-economic system focuses on production increasing without considering the consequences. We are intoxicating ourselves on a daily bases just to allow the system to perpetuate itself. The time to switch into more natural solutions is come and the scientific community is ready to offer more natural product with comparable performance then the market products we are used to deal with. This book collects a broad set of scientific examples in which research groups from all over the world, aim to replace fossil fuel-based solutions with biomass derived materials. In here, some of the most innovative developments in the field of bio-materials are reported considering topics which goes from biomass valorization to the synthesis of high preforming bio-based materials.

chitosan --- graphene oxide --- microstructure --- autoxidation --- heavy metals --- polycaprolactone --- precipitation --- thermosetting polymers --- thermal degradation --- humidity sensor --- asphalt rubber --- tung oil --- nanobiocomposites --- ionic liquid --- GC-MS --- hybrid nonisocyanate polyurethane --- physicochemical properties --- alginate sponge --- Bioflex --- dimer acid --- bio-asphalt --- benzoyl cellulose --- Peptone --- transparent wood --- biocomposite --- nanoclays --- storage stability --- solvent- and catalyst-free --- microcellulose fiber --- lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils --- polylactic acid (PLA) --- bio-inspired interfaces --- polyhydroxyalkanoates --- strain sensor --- enzymatic saccharification --- headspace solid phase microextraction --- PHBV --- electrical resistance --- melt condensation --- cement --- solution casting --- orange waste --- hybrid composites --- biopolymers --- TEMPO oxidation --- pollutant adsorbents --- Escherichia coli --- bio-nanocomposites --- TiO2 anatase --- metal binding --- liquid natural rubber --- hydrotropic treatment --- metal chloride --- feast-famine --- biomass resources --- wood --- electroless deposition --- one-pot synthesis --- thermoplastic starch --- films --- lignin-carbohydrate complex --- cellulose --- corn starch --- microencapsulated phase change material (MPCM) --- differential scanning calorimetry --- compatibility --- natural fibers --- workability --- silkworm cocoons --- lignin content --- polylactic acid --- porous structure --- electrospinning --- nanocellulose fibers --- H2O2 bleaching treatment --- polysaccharides --- mixing sequence --- porosity --- lignocellulosic nanofibrils --- dense structure --- alkali lignin --- polydopamine coating --- nuclear magnetic resonance --- cationic dyes --- poly(lactic acid) and composite films --- endothermic effect --- HSQC-NMR --- Microbial nutrient --- n/a --- toughening --- X-ray diffraction --- water resistance --- waste biomass --- lignin --- UV light --- ultrafiltration --- two-step lyophilization --- mechanical degradation --- bio-based --- methylene blue --- stearoyl cellulose --- ONP fibers --- anionic surfactants --- Hatscheck process --- osteoblast proliferation --- resource recovery --- dissolution --- copper coating --- bacterial cellulose --- hydrogel --- iron chelation --- knotwood --- sensitivity --- mixed microbial cultures --- dimensional stability --- volatiles --- lignocellulose --- Artemisia vulgaris --- surface modification --- PHA --- crosslinked microparticles --- pyrene --- composites --- galactoglucomannan --- polymeric composites --- kaempferol --- tannin-furanic foam --- Solanyl --- wastewater treatments --- adsorption capacity --- heat treatment --- thermal gravimetric analysis --- WAXS --- unsaturated polyester resins --- pulp fibers --- free-radical polymerization --- larixol --- delignification --- antifouling --- chemical composition --- hemicellulose --- tissue engineering --- extrusion-compounding --- membrane --- photodegradation --- structural plastics --- scanning electron microscope --- phenanthrene --- thermal properties --- immobilized TEMPO --- Staphylococcus aureus --- adsorption --- wood modification --- structure–property relationship --- physical property --- film --- mechanical properties --- tannin --- Bio-based foams --- latex state --- paper-based scaffolds --- skincare --- pyrolysis mechanism --- emulsion-solvent evaporation method --- bioplastics --- imidazolium --- fractionation --- cost --- fiber-cement --- lyocell fiber --- recycling --- kenaf fiber --- thermal stability --- transport properties --- SAXS --- silanization --- cellulose nanofibers --- taxifolin --- tannin polymer --- vibrational spectroscopy --- robust fiber network --- nanocelluloses --- poly(lactic acid) --- Anti-bacterial silver nanoparticle --- cellulose nanocrystals --- structure-property relationship