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The threat of unstoppable plagues, such as AIDS and Ebola, is always with us. In Europe, the most devastating plagues were those from the Black Death pandemic in the 1300s to the Great Plague of London in 1665. For the last 100 years, it has been accepted that Yersinia pestis, the infective agent of bubonic plague, was responsible for these epidemics. This book combines modern concepts of epidemiology and molecular biology with computer-modelling. Applying these to the analysis of historical epidemics, the authors show that they were not, in fact, outbreaks of bubonic plague. Biology of Plagues offers a completely new interdisciplinary interpretation of the plagues of Europe and establishes them within a geographical, historical and demographic framework. This fascinating detective work will be of interest to readers in the social and biological sciences, and lessons learnt will underline the implications of historical plagues for modern-day epidemiology.

Black Death --- Epidemics --- Epidemics. --- Plague. --- History --- Black Death. --- Epidemics - Europe - History - 17th century. --- Plague --- Public Health --- Yersinia Infections --- History, Modern 1601 --- -History, Early Modern 1451-1600 --- Environment and Public Health --- Enterobacteriaceae Infections --- Humanities --- Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections --- Health Care --- Bacterial Infections --- Bacterial Infections and Mycoses --- Diseases --- History, 16th Century --- History, 17th Century --- Disease Outbreaks --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Epidemiology & Epidemics --- Bubonic plague --- Disease outbreaks --- Outbreaks of disease --- Pestilences --- Outbreaks --- Yersinia infections --- Medicine, Medieval --- Communicable diseases --- Pandemics --- Life Sciences --- General and Others

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Rheumatoid Arthritis and Proteus explores the idea that Rheumatoid arthritis is caused by a urinary tract infection as a result of Proteus bacteria. Rheumatoid arthritis is a severe, painful and crippling disease affecting millions of people throughout the world, especially women. Genetic studies over the last 30 years have shown that individuals who possess the white cell blood groups HLA-DR1/4 carry a susceptibility sequence and are more likely to develop the disease.   This book uses the methods of Sir Karl Popper, the philosopher of science, to present 12 “Popper sequences” which have been identified to indicate that Proteus is the causative agent of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Rheumatoid Arthritis and Proteus proposes that Anti-Proteus therapies should be followed as early as possible to prevent the crippling and irreversible joint deformities that occur in Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Proteus (Bacteria). --- Rheumatoid arthritis. --- Rheumatoid arthritis --- Proteus (Bacteria) --- Biology --- Enterobacteriaceae --- Autoimmune Diseases --- Rheumatic Diseases --- Arthritis --- Enterobacteriaceae Infections --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Immune System Diseases --- Musculoskeletal Diseases --- Connective Tissue Diseases --- Gram-Negative Facultatively Anaerobic Rods --- Gammaproteobacteria --- Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections --- Joint Diseases --- Proteobacteria --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Diseases --- Bacterial Infections --- Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases --- Gram-Negative Bacteria --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Bacteria --- Bacterial Infections and Mycoses --- Organisms --- Arthritis, Rheumatoid --- Microbiology --- Proteus Infections --- Proteus --- Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Musculoskeletal System Diseases --- Etiology. --- Liquidobacterium --- Adjuvant arthritis --- Arthritis deformans --- Arthrosis deformans --- Rheumatic gout --- Medicine. --- Rheumatology. --- Medicine & Public Health. --- Autoimmune diseases --- Blood hyperviscosity syndrome --- Rheumatism --- Internal medicine --- Connective tissues --- Joints

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Bologna is well known for its powerful university and notariate of the thirteenth century, but the fourteenth-century city is less studied. This work redresses the imbalance in scholarship by examining social and economic life at mid-fourteenth century, particularly during the epidemic of plague, the Black Death of 1348. Arguing against medieval chroniclers' accounts of massive social, political, and religious breakdown, this examination of the immediate experience of the epidemic, based on notarial records--including over a thousand testaments--demonstrates resilience during the crisis. The notarial record reveals the activities and decisions of large numbers of individuals and families in the city and provides a reconstruction of the behavior of clergy, medical practitioners, government and neighborhood officials, and notaries during the epidemic.

Black Death --Social aspects --Italy --Bologna --History --Sources. --- Black Death --Social aspects --Italy --Bologna --History. --- Bologna (Italy) --Economic conditions. --- Bologna (Italy) --History --To 1506. --- Bologna (Italy) --Social conditions. --- City and town life --Italy --Bologna --History --To 1500. --- Community life --Italy --Bologna --History --To 1500. --- Notaries --Italy --Bologna --History --To 1500. --- Parishes --Italy --Bologna --History --To 1500. --- Wills --Italy --Bologna --History --To 1500. --- Black Death --- Notaries --- Wills --- City and town life --- Community life --- Parishes --- Plague --- History, 15th Century --- History, Early Modern 1451-1600 --- Yersinia Infections --- Enterobacteriaceae Infections --- History --- Humanities --- Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections --- Bacterial Infections --- Bacterial Infections and Mycoses --- Diseases --- Infectious Diseases --- Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Social aspects --- History. --- Bologna (Italy) --- Social conditions. --- Economic conditions. --- City life --- Town life --- Urban life --- Codicils --- Notaries public --- Notary publics --- Law and legislation --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Bononia (Italy) --- Bologne (Italy) --- Bolonia (Italy) --- Bononia Pinguis (Italy) --- Felsina (Italy) --- Church polity --- Associations, institutions, etc. --- Human ecology --- Sociology, Urban --- Inheritance and succession --- Legal instruments --- Registers of births, etc. --- Legacies --- Probate records --- Remainders (Estates) --- Justices of the peace --- Non-contentious jurisdiction --- Epidemics --- Medicine, Medieval --- Peste noire --- Notaires --- Testaments --- Vie urbaine --- Communauté --- Paroisses --- Aspect social --- Histoire --- Bologne (Italie) --- Social conditions --- Conditions sociales --- Conditions économiques --- Black Death. --- Black death --- City and town life. --- Community life. --- Economic history. --- History, 15th Century. --- MEDICAL --- Notaries. --- Parishes. --- Wills. --- Social aspects. --- Forensic Medicine. --- Preventive Medicine. --- Public Health. --- To 1506. --- Italy --- Italy. --- Economic conditions --- Black Death - Social aspects - Italy - Bologna - History --- Black Death - Social aspects - Italy - Bologna - History - Sources --- Notaries - Italy - Bologna - History - To 1500 --- Wills - Italy - Bologna - History - To 1500 --- City and town life - Italy - Bologna - History - To 1500 --- Community life - Italy - Bologna - History - To 1500 --- Parishes - Italy - Bologna - History - To 1500 --- Bologna (Italy) - History - To 1506 --- Bologna (Italy) - Social conditions --- Bologna (Italy) - Economic conditions