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Although political and legal institutions are essential to any nation's economic development, the forces that have shaped these institutions are poorly understood. Drawing on rich evidence about the development of the American states from the mid-nineteenth to the late twentieth century, this book documents the mechanisms through which geographical and historical conditions--such as climate, access to water transportation, and early legal systems--impacted political and judicial institutions and economic growth. The book shows how a state's geography and climate influenced whether elites based their wealth in agriculture or trade. States with more occupationally diverse elites in 1860 had greater levels of political competition in their legislature from 1866 to 2000. The book also examines the effects of early legal systems. Because of their colonial history, thirteen states had an operational civil-law legal system prior to statehood. All of these states except Louisiana would later adopt common law. By the late eighteenth century, the two legal systems differed in their balances of power. In civil-law systems, judiciaries were subordinate to legislatures, whereas in common-law systems, the two were more equal. Former civil-law states and common-law states exhibit persistent differences in the structure of their courts, the retention of judges, and judicial budgets. Moreover, changes in court structures, retention procedures, and budgets occur under very different conditions in civil-law and common-law states. The Evolution of a Nation illustrates how initial geographical and historical conditions can determine the evolution of political and legal institutions and long-run growth.

U.S. states --- Law --- State governments --- Economic conditions. --- States --- History. --- Politics and government. --- American states. --- U.S. states. --- agriculture. --- balance of power. --- civil law. --- colonial legal systems. --- common law. --- court operation. --- courts. --- democracy. --- economic activity. --- economic development. --- economic growth. --- economic outcomes. --- elite occupations. --- future research. --- initial state conditions. --- judges. --- judicial budgets. --- judicial independence. --- judicial institutions. --- legal history. --- legal initial conditions. --- legal institutions. --- legal systems. --- legislatures. --- occupational distributions. --- occupational homogeneity. --- political competition. --- political history. --- political institutions. --- political parties. --- settlement history. --- social outcomes. --- state budgets. --- state courts. --- state economy. --- state elites. --- state high court. --- state high courts. --- state institutions. --- state legislature. --- state legislatures. --- state per capita income. --- state political competition. --- trade.

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Energy systems are transiting from conventional energy systems to modernized and smart energy systems. This Special Issue covers new advances in the emerging technologies for modern energy systems from both technical and management perspectives. In modern energy systems, an integrated and systematic view of different energy systems, from local energy systems and islands to national and multi-national energy hubs, is important. From the customer perspective, a modern energy system is required to have more intelligent appliances and smart customer services. In addition, customers require the provision of more useful information and control options. Another challenge for the energy systems of the future is the increased penetration of renewable energy sources. Hence, new operation and planning tools are required for hosting renewable energy sources as much as possible.

hybrid systems --- photovoltaic --- wind energy --- energy economics --- RES investments --- Zimbabwe --- Africa and energy security --- electricity price forecasting (EPF) --- wind power forecasting (WPF) --- spot market --- balancing market --- ARMAX --- NARX-ANN --- 100% renewable power system --- secondary voltage control --- tertiary voltage control --- grid code --- wind farms --- photovoltaic parks --- energy transition --- renewable energy sources --- island power systems --- hybrid power plants --- wind turbines --- battery energy storage systems --- marine microgrid --- tidal generation system --- black widow optimization --- supplementary control --- fractional integrator --- non-linear fractional integrator --- 100% renewable power generation --- nexus --- food --- energy --- water --- greenhouse gas emission --- microgrid --- ancillary services --- energy storage --- power management --- solar hot waters --- thermosyphon --- thermal performance --- Morocco --- economic outcomes --- CO2 environmental assessment --- solar system --- domestic hot water production --- solar water heaters --- individual and collective solar water heater systems --- dynamic simulation --- TRNbuild --- TRNSYSstudio --- energy management --- residential and commercial loads --- short-term load forecasting --- deep learning --- bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) --- n/a