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China --- Military policy. --- S07/0360 --- #SBIB:327.5H21 --- #SBIB:327.5H10 --- #SML: Joseph Spae --- 327 <51> --- China: Army and police force--Theoretical: guerilla warfare, strategy --- Vrede – oorlog, oorlogssituaties --- Strategie: algemeen --- Buitenlandse betrekkingen. Buitenlandse politiek. Internationale betrekkingen. Internationale politiek. Wereldpolitiek--China --- 327 <51> Buitenlandse betrekkingen. Buitenlandse politiek. Internationale betrekkingen. Internationale politiek. Wereldpolitiek--China --- Chine --- Politique militaire --- China - Military policy.

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This book offers an empirical comparison of Chinese and Indian international strategic behavior. It is the first study of its kind, filling an important gap in the literature on rising Indian and Chinese power and American interests in Asia. The book creates a framework for the systematic and objective assessment of Chinese and Indian strategic behavior in four areas: (1) strategic culture; (2) foreign policy and use of force; (3) military modernization (including defense spending, military doctrine and force modernization); and (4) economic strategies (including international trade and energy competition). The utility of democratic peace theory in predicting Chinese and Indian behavior is also examined. The findings challenge many assumptions underpinning Western expectations of China and India.

Strategic culture --- China --- India --- Foreign relations --- Military policy --- Foreign economic relations --- Culture stratégique --- Politique militaire --- Chine --- Inde --- Relations extérieures --- Relations économiques extérieures --- FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS -- 327.5 --- Relations économiques extérieures. --- Culture --- National security --- Bharat --- Bhārata --- Government of India --- Ḣindiston Respublikasi --- Indië --- Indien --- Indii︠a︡ --- Indland --- Indo --- Republic of India --- Sāthāranarat ʻIndīa --- Yin-tu --- インド --- هند --- Индия --- Military policy. --- Foreign economic relations. --- Social Sciences --- Political Science --- Strategic culture - China --- Strategic culture - India --- China - Foreign relations - 21st century --- China - Military policy --- China - Foreign economic relations --- India - Foreign relations - 21st century --- India - Military policy --- India - Foreign economic relations --- Culture stratégique --- Relations extérieures --- Relations économiques extérieures.

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The first work of its kind, this strategic assessment of China's national security reveals the nation's intentions, capabilities, and threats-and their implications for the United States and the world.

China --- National security --- Strategic aspects --- Military policy --- History, Military --- Foreign relations --- S07/0200 --- S07/0360 --- S07/0350 --- S09/0410 --- S06/0280 --- China: Army and police force--Military history --- China: Army and police force--Theoretical: guerilla warfare, strategy --- China: Army and police force--Army, navy and air force: since 1949 --- China: Foreign relations and world politics--Relations with Asian countries --- China: Politics and government--State security and intelligence --- Strategic aspects. --- Military policy. --- History, Military. --- Foreign relations. --- Cina --- Kinë --- Cathay --- Chinese National Government --- Chung-kuo kuo min cheng fu --- Republic of China (1912-1949) --- Kuo min cheng fu (China : 1912-1949) --- Chung-hua min kuo (1912-1949) --- Kina (China) --- National Government (1912-1949) --- China (Republic : 1912-1949) --- People's Republic of China --- Chinese People's Republic --- Chung-hua jen min kung ho kuo --- Central People's Government of Communist China --- Chung yang jen min cheng fu --- Chung-hua chung yang jen min kung ho kuo --- Central Government of the People's Republic of China --- Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo --- Zhong hua ren min gong he guo --- Kitaĭskai︠a︡ Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika --- Činská lidová republika --- RRT --- Republik Rakjat Tiongkok --- KNR --- Kytaĭsʹka Narodna Respublika --- Jumhūriyat al-Ṣīn al-Shaʻbīyah --- RRC --- Kitaĭ --- Kínai Népköztársaság --- Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku --- Erets Sin --- Sin --- Sāthāranarat Prachāchon Čhīn --- P.R. China --- PR China --- PRC --- P.R.C. --- Chung-kuo --- Zhongguo --- Zhonghuaminguo (1912-1949) --- Zhong guo --- Chine --- République Populaire de Chine --- República Popular China --- Catay --- VR China --- VRChina --- 中國 --- 中国 --- 中华人民共和国 --- Jhongguó --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaxu Dundadu Arad Ulus --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaqu Dumdadu Arad Ulus --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Dundad Ard Uls --- BNKhAU --- БНХАУ --- Khi︠a︡tad --- Kitad --- Dumdadu Ulus --- Dumdad Uls --- Думдад Улс --- Kitajska --- China (Republic : 1949- ) --- China - Strategic aspects --- China - Military policy --- National security - China --- China - History, Military --- China - Foreign relations

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Since the 1949 Communist Revolution, China has devised nine different military strategies, which the People's Liberation Army (PLA) calls strategic guidelines. What accounts for these numerous changes? Active Defense offers the first systematic look at China's military strategy from the mid-twentieth century to today. Exploring the range and intensity of threats that China has faced, M. Taylor Fravel illuminates the nation's past and present military goals and how China sought to achieve them, and offers a rich set of cases for deepening the study of change in military organizations. Drawing from diverse Chinese-language sources, including memoirs of leading generals, military histories, and document collections that have become available only in the last two decades, Fravel shows why transformations in military strategy were pursued at certain times and not others. He focuses on the military strategies adopted in 1956, 1980, and 1993 when the PLA was attempting to wage war in a new kind of way to show that China has pursued major change in its strategic guidelines when there has been a significant shift in the conduct of warfare in the international system and when China's Communist Party has been united. Delving into the security threats China has faced over the last seven decades, Active Defense offers a detailed investigation into how and why states alter their defense policies.

CHINA--MILITARY POLICY --- CHINA--STRATEGIC ASPECTS --- National security --- China --- Cina --- Kinë --- Cathay --- Chinese National Government --- Chung-kuo kuo min cheng fu --- Republic of China (1912-1949) --- Kuo min cheng fu (China : 1912-1949) --- Chung-hua min kuo (1912-1949) --- Kina (China) --- National Government (1912-1949) --- China (Republic : 1912-1949) --- People's Republic of China --- Chinese People's Republic --- Chung-hua jen min kung ho kuo --- Central People's Government of Communist China --- Chung yang jen min cheng fu --- Chung-hua chung yang jen min kung ho kuo --- Central Government of the People's Republic of China --- Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo --- Zhong hua ren min gong he guo --- Kitaĭskai︠a︡ Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika --- Činská lidová republika --- RRT --- Republik Rakjat Tiongkok --- KNR --- Kytaĭsʹka Narodna Respublika --- Jumhūriyat al-Ṣīn al-Shaʻbīyah --- RRC --- Kitaĭ --- Kínai Népköztársaság --- Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku --- Erets Sin --- Sin --- Sāthāranarat Prachāchon Čhīn --- P.R. China --- PR China --- Chung-kuo --- Zhongguo --- Zhonghuaminguo (1912-1949) --- Zhong guo --- Chine --- République Populaire de Chine --- República Popular China --- Catay --- VR China --- VRChina --- 中國 --- 中国 --- 中华人民共和国 --- Jhongguó --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaxu Dundadu Arad Ulus --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaqu Dumdadu Arad Ulus --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Dundad Ard Uls --- Khi︠a︡tad --- Kitad --- Dumdadu Ulus --- Dumdad Uls --- Думдад Улс --- Kitajska --- China (Republic : 1949- ) --- History, Military --- Military policy. --- Strategic aspects. --- S07/0200 --- S07/0360 --- China: Army and police force--Military history --- China: Army and police force--Theoretical: guerilla warfare, strategy --- PRC --- P.R.C. --- BNKhAU --- БНХАУ --- Polemology --- anno 1900-1999 --- anno 2000-2009 --- anno 2010-2019

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'Cultural Realism' is an in-depth study of premodern Chinese strategic thought that has important implications for contemporary international relations theory. In applying a Western theoretical debate to China, Iain Johnston advances rigorous procedures for testing for the existence and influence of "strategic culture."Johnston sets out to answer two empirical questions. Is there a substantively consistent and temporally persistent Chinese strategic culture? If so, to what extent has it influenced China's approaches to security? The focus of his study is the Ming dynasty's grand strategy against the Mongols (1368-1644). First Johnston examines ancient military texts as sources of Chinese strategic culture, using cognitive mapping, symbolic analysis and congruence tests to determine whether there is a consistent grand strategic preference ranking across texts that constitutes a single strategic culture. Then he applies similar techniques to determine the effect of the strategic culture on the strategic preferences of the Ming decision makers. Finally, he assesses the effect of these preferences on Ming policies towards the Mongol "threat."The findings of this book challenge dominant interpretations of traditional Chinese strategic thought. They suggest also that the roots of 'realpolitik' are ideational and not predominantly structural. The results lead to the surprising conclusion that there may be, in fact, fewer cross-national differences in strategic culture than proponents of the "strategic culture" approach think.

S07/0360 --- S07/0200 --- National security --- -National security --- National security policy --- NSP (National security policy) --- Security policy, National --- Economic policy --- International relations --- Military policy --- China: Army and police force--Theoretical: guerilla warfare, strategy --- China: Army and police force--Military history --- Government policy --- China --- History --- -Military policy. --- Strategic culture --- Cina --- Kinë --- Cathay --- Chinese National Government --- Chung-kuo kuo min cheng fu --- Republic of China (1912-1949) --- Kuo min cheng fu (China : 1912-1949) --- Chung-hua min kuo (1912-1949) --- Kina (China) --- National Government (1912-1949) --- China (Republic : 1912-1949) --- People's Republic of China --- Chinese People's Republic --- Chung-hua jen min kung ho kuo --- Central People's Government of Communist China --- Chung yang jen min cheng fu --- Chung-hua chung yang jen min kung ho kuo --- Central Government of the People's Republic of China --- Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo --- Zhong hua ren min gong he guo --- Kitaĭskai︠a︡ Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika --- Činská lidová republika --- RRT --- Republik Rakjat Tiongkok --- KNR --- Kytaĭsʹka Narodna Respublika --- Jumhūriyat al-Ṣīn al-Shaʻbīyah --- RRC --- Kitaĭ --- Kínai Népköztársaság --- Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku --- Erets Sin --- Sin --- Sāthāranarat Prachāchon Čhīn --- P.R. China --- PR China --- Chung-kuo --- Zhongguo --- Zhonghuaminguo (1912-1949) --- Zhong guo --- Chine --- République Populaire de Chine --- República Popular China --- Catay --- VR China --- VRChina --- 中國 --- 中国 --- 中华人民共和国 --- Jhongguó --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaxu Dundadu Arad Ulus --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaqu Dumdadu Arad Ulus --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Dundad Ard Uls --- Khi︠a︡tad --- Kitad --- Dumdadu Ulus --- Dumdad Uls --- Думдад Улс --- Kitajska --- Culture --- Military policy. --- China (Republic : 1949- ) --- PRC --- P.R.C. --- BNKhAU --- БНХАУ --- Militärpolitik --- Sicherheitspolitik --- Mingdynastie --- Geschichte --- Sicherheitspolitik. --- Mingdynastie. --- Militärpolitik. --- Geschichte. --- China. --- Altan Khan. --- Boorman, Howard L. --- Britain. --- Da Dan tribe. --- Di barbarians. --- Europe. --- GaoGong. --- Gray, Colin. --- Japan. --- Korea. --- Li Jing. --- Liu Yin. --- Lu Shi Chun Qiu. --- Mongols. --- Tai Gong Liu Tao. --- Tu Mu defeat. --- autocommunication. --- cognitive maps. --- deterrence. --- dynastic cycle. --- economic conditions. --- falsifiability. --- he qin policy. --- hegemony. --- individuals. --- ke (guest). --- language, symbolic. --- military instrument. --- neorealism. --- nuclear policy. --- pirates. --- public opinion. --- racialism. --- rebellion, internal. --- social psychology. --- National security - China --- Strategic culture - China --- China - History - Ming dynasty, 1368-1644 --- China - Military policy --- -China