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Book
Atmospheric Composition and Cloud Cover Observations
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Year: 2021 Publisher: Basel, Switzerland MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute

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Abstract

This is a Special Issue of Atmosphere presenting recent results of experimental and theoretical investigations of atmospheric compositions and clouds, largely based on remote sensing.


Book
Sustainable Construction II
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Year: 2021 Publisher: Basel, Switzerland MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute

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Construction is one of the main sectors that generates greenhouse gases. This industry consumes large amounts of raw materials, such as stone, timber, water, etc. Additionally, infrastructure should provide service over many years without safety problems. Therefore, their correct design, construction, maintenance, and dismantling are essential to reducing economic, environmental, and societal consequences. That is why promoting sustainable construction has recently become extremely important. To help address and resolve these types of questions, this book explores new ways of reducing the environmental impacts caused by the construction sector, as well promotes social progress and economic growth. The chapters collect the papers included in the “Sustainable Construction II” Special Issue of the Sustainability journal. The papers cover a wide spectrum of issues related to the use of sustainable materials in construction, the optimization of designs based con sustainable indicators, the life-cycle assessment, the decision-making processes that integrate economic, social, and environmental aspects, and the promotion of durable materials that reduce future maintenance


Book
Locally Available Energy Sources and Sustainability
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Year: 2020 Publisher: Basel, Switzerland MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute

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Renewable energy is electricity generated by fuel sources that restore themselves over a short period of time and do not diminish. Although some renewable energy technologies impact the environment, renewables are considered environmentally preferable to conventional sources and, when replacing fossil fuels, have significant potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This book focuses on the environmental and economic benefits of using renewable energy, which include: (i) generating energy that produces no greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels and reduces some types of air pollution, (ii) diversifying energy supply and reducing dependence on imported fuels, and (iii) creating economic development and jobs in manufacturing, installation, and more. Local governments can dramatically reduce their carbon footprint by purchasing or directly generating electricity from clean and renewable sources. The most common renewable power technologies include: solar (photovoltaic (PV), solar thermal), wind, biogas (e.g., landfill gas, wastewater treatment digester gas), geothermal, biomass, low-impact hydroelectricity, and emerging technologies such as wave and tidal power. Local governments can lead by example by generating energy on site, purchasing green power, or purchasing renewable energy. Using a combination of renewable energy options can help to meet local government goals, especially in some regions where availability and quality of renewable resources vary. Options for using renewable energy include: generating renewable energy on site, using a system or device at the location where the power is used (e.g., PV panels on a state building, geothermal heat pumps, biomass-fueled combined heat and power), and purchasing renewable energy from an electric utility through a green pricing or green marketing program, where buyers pay a small premium in exchange for electricity generated locally from green power resources.


Book
Advances in Environmental, Economic and Social Assessment of Energy Systems
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Year: 2020 Publisher: Basel, Switzerland MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute

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The overall energy sector calls for a transformation from a fossil-based system to a low-carbon one. At a technology level, significant efforts have been made to provide energy solutions that contribute to a sustainable energy system. However, the actual suitability of these solutions is often not checked. In this sense, the assessment of energy systems from a life-cycle perspective is of paramount importance when it comes to effectively planning the energy sector. While environmental issues are commonly addressed through the use of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology, the comprehensive evaluation of the economic and social aspects of energy systems often remains ignored or underdeveloped. This book consists of a set of scientific works addressing the analysis of energy systems from a (life-cycle) technical, economic, environmental and/or social standpoint. Case studies at and beyond the technology level are included, some of them involving a combination of life cycle and non-life cycle approaches for the thorough evaluation of energy systems under the umbrella of sustainability.


Book
Circular Use of Resources : Theoretical and Practical Approaches of Sustainable Technologies, Business Models and Organizational Innovations
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Year: 2020 Publisher: Basel, Switzerland MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute

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Circular solutions are essential to tackle the eminent challenges of depleting resources and emerging environmental problems. The complex nature of material and energy systems and the changing of economic and technological conditions differ among countries and, therefore, lead to the application of vastly different practices in developed and rapidly developing countries of the world. A wide variety of theoretical approaches can be used to facilitate a shift from the linear use of resources to circular systems, e.g., circular product planning, life cycle planning, sharing and platform economy, refurbishing, and remanufacturing, to name but a few. The introduction and examination of circular solutions can be based on theoretical models in order to guarantee ensure successful application. Successful application of innovative technology approaches, business solutions, and organizational development can be facilitated through theoretical models and new scientific results that support innovation processes. This Special Issue reprint focuses on sustainable and innovative methods which help and enable the proper use and recovery of resources. We present a collection of research papers, reviews, research reports, and case studies that introduce or discuss circular solutions for the sustainable use of resources.


Book
Assessment of Energy–Environment–Economy Interrelations
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ISBN: 3039288105 3039288091 Year: 2020 Publisher: MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute

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Energy consumption and economic growth have been of great interest to researchers and policy-makers. Knowing the actual causal relationship between energy and the economy with respect to environmental degradation has important implications for modeling environmental and growth policies. The eleven chapters included herein aim to help researchers, academicians, and especially decision-makers to understand relevant issues and adopt appropriate methods to tackle and solve relevant environmental problems. Various methods from different disciplines are proposed and applied to various environmental and energy issues.


Book
Disturbance Effects on Soil Carbon and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Forest Ecosystems
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ISBN: 3039286676 3039286668 Year: 2020 Publisher: MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute

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Forest ecosystems are often disturbed by agents such as harvesting, fire, wind, insects and diseases, and acid deposition, with differing intensities and frequencies. Such disturbances can markedly affect the amount, form, and stability of soil organic carbon in, and the emission of greenhouse gases, including CO2, CH4, and N2O from, forest ecosystems. It is vitally important that we improve our understanding of the impact of different disturbance regimes on forest soil carbon dynamics and greenhouse gas emissions to guide our future research, forest management practices, and policy development. This Special Issue provides an important update on the disturbance effects on soil carbon and greenhouse gas emissions in forest ecosystems in different climate regions.

Keywords

greenhouse gas emission --- heterotrophic respiration --- Camellia oleifera --- Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr --- soil microbial residue --- assisted natural regeneration --- soil organic carbon --- soil carbon sequestration --- soil CO2 --- surface soil layer --- landform --- anthropogenic effect --- South Korea --- CO2 effluxes --- storm damage --- microbial properties --- calcareous soil --- land use pattern --- soil total nitrogen --- generation --- tree mortality --- land use types --- forest conversion --- DCD --- carbon source–sink --- stoichiometric ratios --- autotrophic respiration --- N2O --- CO2 emission --- organic carbon mineralization --- CH4 emissions --- clear-cutting --- CO2 production and diffusion --- soil quality --- nitrification inhibitor --- organic carbon accumulation --- climate change mitigation --- global change --- greenhouse gas inventory --- warming --- soil properties --- bacterial community --- sensitivity --- soil characteristics --- forest --- insect outbreak --- biochar --- nitrous oxide --- CO2 --- soil respiration --- land-use change --- decomposition --- soil --- natural forest --- calcareous soils --- greenhouse gas --- forest soils --- karst graben basin --- plantation --- rocky desertification --- fitting parameters --- temperature --- forest disturbance --- microbe --- subtropical forest --- N addition --- carbon stock changes --- IPCC --- next-generation sequencing --- nitrogen --- N2O emissions --- red soils --- CH4 --- coastal wetlands --- CO2 emissions --- stand age --- successive planting --- plum plantation ages


Book
Sustainable Structural Design for High-Performance Buildings and Infrastructures
Authors: --- --- --- ---
Year: 2022 Publisher: Basel MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute

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Exceptional design loads on buildings and structures may have different causes, including high-strain natural hazards, man-made attacks and accidents, and extreme operational conditions. All of these aspects can be critical for specific structural typologies and/or materials that are particularly sensitive. Dedicated and refined methods are thus required for design, analysis, and maintenance under structures’ expected lifetimes. Major challenges are related to the structural typology and material properties. Further issues are related to the need for the mitigation or retrofitting of existing structures, or from the optimal and safe design of innovative materials/systems. Finally, in some cases, no design recommendations are available, and thus experimental investigations can have a key role in the overall process. For this SI, we have invited scientists to focus on the recent advancements and trends in the sustainable design of high-performance buildings and structures. Special attention has been given to materials and systems, but also to buildings and infrastructures that can be subjected to extreme design loads. This can be the case of exceptional natural events or unfavorable ambient conditions. The assessment of hazard and risk associated with structures and civil infrastructure systems is important for the preservation and protection of built environments. New procedures, methods, and more precise rules for safety design and the protection of sustainable structures are, however, needed.


Book
New Carbon Materials from Biomass and Their Applications
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Year: 2022 Publisher: Basel MDPI Books

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Carbon-based materials, such as chars, activated carbons, one-dimensional carbon nanotubes, and two-dimensional graphene nanosheets, have shown great potential for a wide variety of applications. These materials can be synthesized from any precursor with a high proportion of carbon in its composition. Although fossil fuels have been extensively used as precursors, their unstable cost and supply have led to the synthesis of carbon materials from biomass. Biomass covers all forms of organic materials, including plants both living and in waste form and animal waste products. It appears to be a renewable resource because it yields value-added products prepared using environmentally friendly processes. The applications of these biomass-derived carbon materials include electronic, electromagnetic, electrochemical, environmental and biomedical applications. Thus, novel carbon materials from biomass are a subject of intense research, with strong relevance to both science and technology. The main aim of this reprint is to present the most relevant and recent insights in the field of the synthesis of biomass-derived carbons for sustainable applications, including adsorption, catalysis and/or energy storage applications.


Book
Technology and Management for Sustainable Buildings and Infrastructures
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Year: 2021 Publisher: Basel, Switzerland MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute

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A total of 30 articles have been published in this special issue, and it consists of 27 research papers, 2 technical notes, and 1 review paper. A total of 104 authors from 9 countries including Korea, Spain, Taiwan, USA, Finland, China, Slovenia, the Netherlands, and Germany participated in writing and submitting very excellent papers that were finally published after the review process had been conducted according to very strict standards. Among the published papers, 13 papers directly addressed words such as sustainable, life cycle assessment (LCA) and CO2, and 17 papers indirectly dealt with energy and CO2 reduction effects. Among the published papers, there are 6 papers dealing with construction technology, but a majority, 24 papers deal with management techniques. The authors of the published papers used various analysis techniques to obtain the suggested solutions for each topic. Listed by key techniques, various techniques such as Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), the Taguchi method, machine learning including Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), regression analysis, Strength–Weakness–Opportunity–Threat (SWOT), system dynamics, simulation and modeling, Building Information Model (BIM) with schedule, and graph and data analysis after experiments and observations are identified.

Keywords

circular foundation pit --- construction monitoring --- numerical simulation --- underground continuous wall --- reinforced concrete --- precast concrete double wall --- retaining wall --- lateral pressure --- lateral bending --- settlement --- artificial neural network --- liquefaction --- building information modeling --- drone --- LIDAR --- point cloud --- progress tracking --- school buildings --- system dynamics --- deterioration --- rehabilitation --- lifecycle cost analysis --- budget allocation --- natural disaster --- risk management --- accommodations --- operations and maintenance --- lifecycle cost --- disaster management --- inter-floor noise --- multi-dwelling houses --- smartphone application --- real-time monitoring system --- agent-based simulation --- space service quality --- efficient operation --- musculoskeletal disorders --- construction workers --- muscle stress --- standard Nordic questionnaire --- awkward posture --- simulation --- rebar work --- cutting waste --- minimization --- sustainable construction --- CO2 emission --- cutting stock problem --- 5D building information modeling --- agile project organization --- schedule/cost reliability --- degree of protection --- impact damage --- blast wave --- sustainable design consideration --- elasto-plastic design --- climate change --- typhoon --- catastrophe model --- typhoon vulnerability function --- risk analysis --- air permeability --- watertightness --- airtightness --- infiltration --- aluminium window frames --- natural hazard --- power system failure --- in-situ production --- environmental loads --- CO2 emission reduction --- life cycle assessment --- optimization model --- elevator --- noise --- vibration --- construction management --- high-rise residential building --- free-form building --- free-form concrete panel --- aluminum powder --- composite PCM mold --- social capital --- living environment --- living infrastructure --- soft infrastructure --- living social overhead capital --- inclusive growth --- inclusive city --- sustainable construction management --- tower crane accident reduction --- priority of tower crane accident causes --- sustainable development --- global sustainability --- scientific infrastructures --- Post-COVID-19 Scenario --- modeling --- building stock development --- mortality of building stock --- residential buildings --- public buildings --- commercial buildings --- paper sludge ash --- deinking sludge --- paper industry --- backfill material --- occupational safety and health expenses --- construction safety --- safety cost expenditures --- apartment construction --- ground beam --- LCA --- prefabrication --- vibro-pile --- eurocode --- precast prestressed concrete pile --- continuous flight auger pile --- eco-costs --- economic --- LCA (life cycle assessment) --- earth-retaining wall --- excavation --- environment load --- environment cost --- bid price volatility --- uncertainty in bid documents --- pre-bid clarification document --- machine learning (ML), classification model --- public project --- sustainable project management --- stone sludge --- lightweight aggregates --- controlled low-strength materials --- Taguchi method --- rebar cutting waste --- optimization --- structural work --- systematic literature review --- management performance evaluation indicators (MAPEIs) for small construction firms --- AHP --- key performance indicators (KPIs) --- corporation management --- small construction firms --- n/a

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