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Our suppositions about human nature colour everything from the way we bargain with a used-car dealer to our expectations about further conflict in the Middle East. Our assumptions about human nature underlie our reactions to specific events. Wrightsman designed this second edition of his book to enhance our understanding of many significant issues about human nature, including the relationship of attitudes to behaviour, the unidimensionality of attitudes and the influence of social movements on beliefs.
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Attitudes are evaluations of people, places, things, and ideas. They help us to navigate through a complex world. They provide guidance for decisions about which products to buy, how to travel to work, or where to go on vacation. They color our perceptions of others. Carefully crafted interventions can change attitudes and behavior. Yet, attitudes, beliefs, and behavior are often formed and changed in casual social exchanges. The mere perception that other people favor something, say, rich people, may be sufficient to make another person favor it. People’s own actions also influence their attitudes, such that they adjust to be more supportive of the actions. People’s belief systems even change to align with and support their preferences, which at its extreme is a form of denial for which people lack awareness.These two volumes provide authoritative, critical surveys of theory and research about attitudes, beliefs, persuasion, and behavior from key authors in these areas. The first volume covers theoretical notions about attitudes, the beliefs and behaviors to which they are linked, and the degree to which they are held outside of awareness. It also discusses motivational and cultural determinants of attitudes, influences of attitudes on behavior, and communication and persuasion. The second volume covers applications to measurement, behavior prediction, and interventions in the areas of cancer, HIV, substance use, diet, and exercise, as well as in politics, intergroup relations, aggression, migrations, advertising, accounting, education, and the environment. (Provided by publisher)
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Physical activity is one of the most basic human functions, and it is an important foundation of health throughout life. Physical activity apports benefit on both physical and mental health, reducing the risk of several diseases and lowering stress reactions, anxiety and depression. More specifically, physical activity is defined as "any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that require energy expenditure" (World Health Organization), including in this definition several activities. Among them, walking has been shown to improve physical and mental well-being in every age group. Despite that, insufficient walking among university students has been increasingly reported, requiring walking promotion intervention. In order to do this, dividing students based on their intention to walk might be useful since the intention is considered as the best predictor of behaviour. In this work, we carried out a study on university students' intention to walk and some of its predictors by exploiting Item Response Theory (IRT) models. In particular, we inspected the predictors of intention by mean of Rating Scale Graded Response Model (RS-GRM). Then we used the Latent Class IRT model to divide students according to their intention to walk, including predictors' scores as covariates. We chose the intention's predictors according to an extension of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), with both classic and additional variables. The formers are attitude toward behaviour, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control, whereas we used risk perception, self-efficacy, anticipation, self-identity and anticipated regret as additional variables. Data was collected administrating a self-report questionnaire to undergraduate students enrolled in the Psychology course at Federico II University of Naples.
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Why is it important to study general social attitudes? To compare social attitudes across nations? To conduct such research longitudinally? The answers reveal the significance of such social research under unprecedented globalization, which creates imperatives for mutual international understanding. Though principally focused on Japanese social attitudes, these attitudes must be compared across nations and time, one means being cross-national attitude surveys, encompassing special methodologies and data analytic techniques. In 1953, the Institute of Statistical Mathematics began nationwide, longitudinal surveys of the Japanese way of thinking. All of the work described in this book stems from this research. This book is intended as a learning tool for those engaged in or contemplating social scientific research. At both national and international levels, survey and analytic methodologies are explored, explicated and applied to real world data. This publication has also been published in hardback (no longer available ISBN 90 04 11853 5).
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