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Today humanity uses, on average, the equivalent of 1.6 earths to provide the resources we use and to absorb our waste. A pathway to sustainable resource use is the circular economy. This concept aims at optimising the value of the resources used and to minimise the amount of resources used. The author addresses the question of what kind of law we need to realize a circular economy. He argues that many legal frameworks and rules on the national and the European level will have to be reconsidered, amended and some completely newly framed to foster a truly circular economy.This is the inaugural lecture which Professor Chris Backes delivered on 12 April 2017 on the occasion of accepting the Chair of Environmental and Planning Law at Utrecht University School of Law, Utrecht Centre for Water, Oceans and Sustainability Law.

Environmental law --- Sustainable living --- Ecological living --- Green living --- Living, Sustainable --- Alternative lifestyles --- Environmentalism --- Green movement

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"Life is for the Lebensphilosophen a fundamentally contingent matter. It is possible for life to exist, but it is also possible for it not to exist; in other words, there is no contradiction in assuming that it does not exist. This means that life does not like Spinoza's substance or Schelling's absolute come into existence by the necessity of its own nature alone. It is necessary to distinguish, therefore, between the essence and existence of life. We cannot prove the existence of life simply through knowledge of its essence; we can know of the existence of life only through experience. The contingency of life means that it is all the more valuable; because it is possible for it not to be, we cannot take it for granted. The three major Lebensphilosophen Nietzsche, Dilthey, and Simmel do not have a general metaphysical theory about life. They do not explain how it differs from matter or mind, and they do not discuss its origins or the stages of its appearance in nature. They also have little interest in biology. There is a simple reason for this lack of interest: their concern is not with life in general but with one particular form of it, namely, human life. Life as the subject of Lebensphilosophie is, as Dilthey put it, the life lived by human beings. Although the main interest of the Lebensphilosophen is human life, this does not mean that they were unaffected by developments in biology. On the contrary. Like all German intellectuals after 1860, they were profoundly influenced by Darwinism. They accepted the main lesson of Darwin's theory of evolution: that the origins of life lie in nature alone and require no explanation through supernatural or teleological causes. Any explanation of the origins of life, they were convinced, would have to be in naturalistic terms. It was largely because of the success of Darwinism that, in their ethics, the Lebensphilosophen directed their attention to life in this world and had no interest in immortality"--

Philosophy, German --- Alternative lifestyles. --- Life. --- Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, --- Simmel, Georg, --- Dilthey, Wilhelm,

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In an exploration of the role of the family within the commune this book focuses on historic communal groups such as Shakers Oneida, Amana and the Mormons, as well as contemporary rural and urban groups such as Jesus People USA and the Hutterites.

Communal living --- Collective settlements --- Families --- Alternative lifestyles --- Alternate lifestyles --- Lifestyles --- Communal settlements --- Communes --- Cooperative living --- Housing, Cooperative --- History. --- History

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Self-sufficiency of the house is practiced in many parts of the world but ignored in economic theory, just as socialist collectivization is assumed to have brought household self-sufficiency to an end. The ideals of self-sufficiency, however, continue to shape economic activity in many post-socialist areas. This volume's six comparative studies of post-socialist villages in Eastern Europe and Asia illuminate the enduring importance of the house economy, which is based not on the market but on the order of the house. These formations show that economies depend not only on the macro institution

Households --- Self-reliant living --- Post-communism --- Economic aspects --- Self-reliant lifestyle --- Self-sufficiency --- Alternative lifestyles --- Human ecology --- Population --- Families --- Home economics

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Sustainable living --- Sustainability --- Sustainability. --- Sustainable living. --- Ecological living --- Green living --- Living, Sustainable --- Alternative lifestyles --- Environmentalism --- Green movement --- Sustainability science --- Human ecology --- Social ecology --- Environmental protection. Environmental technology