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Many authoritarian leaders want nuclear weapons, but few manage to acquire them. Autocrats seeking nuclear weapons fail in different ways and to varying degrees-Iraq almost managed it; Libya did not come close. In Unclear Physics, Malfrid Braut-Hegghammer compares the two failed nuclear weapons programs, showing that state capacity played a crucial role in the trajectory and outcomes of both projects. Braut-Hegghammer draws on a rich set of new primary sources, collected during years of research in archives, fieldwork across the Middle East, and interviews with scientists and decision makers from both states. She gained access to documents and individuals that no other researcher has been able to consult. Her book tells the story of the Iraqi and Libyan programs from their origins in the late 1950s and 1960s until their dismantling.This book reveals contemporary perspectives from scientists and regime officials on the opportunities and challenges facing each project. Many of the findings challenge the conventional wisdom about clandestine weapons programs in closed authoritarian states and their prospects of success or failure. Braut-Hegghammer suggests that scholars and analysts ought to pay closer attention to how state capacity affects nuclear weapons programs in other authoritarian regimes, both in terms of questioning the actual control these leaders have over their nuclear weapons programs and the capability of their scientists to solve complex technical challenges.

Nuclear weapons --- Atomic weapons --- Fusion weapons --- Thermonuclear weapons --- Weapons of mass destruction --- No first use (Nuclear strategy) --- Nuclear arms control --- Nuclear disarmament --- Nuclear warfare --- Political aspects --- Qaddafi, Muammar. --- Hussein, Saddam, --- Gadhafi, Moʼammar --- Kaddafi, Muammar --- Каддафи, Муаммар --- Qadhafi, Muammar --- Kadhafi, Moammar --- Gadafi, Muammar --- Qadāfī, Muʼammar --- قدافي، معمر --- Gaddafi, Moamar --- Khaddafi, Muammar --- Ḳad'afi, Muʻamar al --- -Ghaddafy, Muammar --- Ghadafi, Muammar --- Ghaddafi, Muammar --- Kaddafi, Muamar --- Quathafi, Muammar --- Gheddafi, Muammar --- Khadafy, Moammar --- Qudhafi, Moammar --- Qathafi, Mu'Ammar el --- Kadaffi, Momar --- Kazzafi, Moammar --- Kadhafi, Mouammar --- Gathafi, M. Al --- Gathafi, Muammar --- Gheddafi, Muhammar --- Qadhdhāfī, Muʻammar --- قذافي، معمد --- al-Qadhdhāfī, Muʻammar --- القذافي، معمر --- El Kadhafi, Moammar --- El Kazzafi, Moamer --- Al Qathafi, Muʼammar --- El Qathafi, Mu'Ammar --- El Gaddafi, Moamar --- al-Qadhafi, Muammar --- Al-Gathafi, Muammar --- Al Gathafi, M. --- Al-Kadhafi, Mouamar --- al-Qadhdhāfī, Muʻammar Muhammad Abū Minyār --- معمر محمد أبو منيار، القذافي‎ --- Moammar Kadhafi --- Muʼammar al-Qadafi --- Moamer El Kazzafi --- Moamar al-Gaddafi --- Muʼammar Al Qathafi --- Moʼammar el-Gadhafi --- Muammar Kaddafi --- Муаммар Каддафи --- Moamar El Kadhafi --- Muammar al-Qadhafi --- Muʻammar al-Qadhdhāfī --- معمر القذافي --- Muammar al-Khaddafi --- Muʻamar al-Ḳad'afi --- Muammar Ghaddafy --- Muammar Ghadafi --- Muammar Ghaddafi --- Muamar Al-Kaddafi --- Muammar Quathafi --- Muammar Gheddafi --- Moamar el Gaddafi --- Muammar Al-Gathafi --- Muammar el Gheddafi --- قدف، معمر --- قذافى، معمر --- Muʻammar Muhammad Abū Minyār al-Qadhdhāfī --- معمر محمد أبو منيار القذافي‎ --- Ḥusayn, Ṣaddām, --- Tikrītī, Ṣaddām Ḥusayn, --- Takrītī, Ṣaddām Ḥusayn, --- Hussain, Saddam, --- Husain, Saddam, --- Ḥusayn, Ṣadām, --- Husein, Sadam, --- Ḣu̇sei̐n, Săddam, --- Khuseĭn, Saddam, --- Husain, Sadam, --- Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti, Saddam Ḥussein, --- Saddam Hussein, --- חוסין, צדאם --- حسين، صدام --- حسين، صدام، --- صدام حسين --- Polemology --- anno 1960-1969 --- anno 1970-1979 --- anno 1980-1989 --- anno 1990-1999 --- anno 2000-2009 --- Iraq --- Libya

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Islam and politics --- -Islam --- Politics and Islam --- Political science --- Political aspects --- Qaddafi, Muammar. --- Gadhafi, Moʼammar --- Kaddafi, Muammar --- Qadhafi, Muammar --- El Kadhafi, Moammar --- Kadhafi, Moammar --- Moammar Kadhafi --- Gadafi, Muammar --- Muʼammar al-Qadafi --- Moamer El Kazzafi --- Moamar al-Gaddafi --- Muʼammar Al Qathafi --- Moʼammar el-Gadhafi --- Muammar Kaddafi --- Moamar El Kadhafi --- Muammar al-Qadhafi --- Muʻammar al-Qadhdhāfī --- Qadafi, Muʼammar --- El Kazzafi, Moamer --- Gaddafi, Moamar --- Al Qathafi, Muʼammar --- Qadhdhāfī, Muʻammar --- Khaddafi, Muammar --- Muammar al-Khaddafi --- Muʻamar al-Ḳad'afi --- Ḳad'afi, Muʻamar al --- -Ghaddafy, Muammar --- Ghadafi, Muammar --- Ghaddafi, Muammar --- Kaddafi, Muamar --- Quathafi, Muammar --- Gheddafi, Muammar --- Muammar Ghaddafy --- Muammar Ghadafi --- Muammar Ghaddafi --- Muamar Al-Kaddafi --- Muammar Quathafi --- Muammar Gheddafi --- Khadafy, Moammar --- Qudhafi, Moammar --- Qathafi, Mu'Ammar el --- El Qathafi, Mu'Ammar --- Kadaffi, Momar --- El Gaddafi, Moamar --- Moamar el Gaddafi --- Kazzafi, Moammar --- Gheddafi, Muhammar --- al-Qadhafi, Muammar --- Muammar Al-Gathafi --- Al-Gathafi, Muammar --- Gathafi, Muammar --- Kadhafi, Mouammar --- Al Gathafi, M. --- Gathafi, M. Al --- القذافي --- القذافي معمر --- قدافي، معمر --- قدف، معمر --- قذافى، معمر --- قذافي، معمد --- معمر القذافي --- Muammar el Gheddafi --- Al-Kadhafi, Mouamar --- Libya --- Politics and government --- -Islam and politics --- -Qaddafi, Muammar. --- Islam --- Каддафи, Муаммар --- Qadāfī, Muʼammar --- al-Qadhdhāfī, Muʻammar --- القذافي، معمر --- al-Qadhdhāfī, Muʻammar Muhammad Abū Minyār --- معمر محمد أبو منيار، القذافي‎ --- Муаммар Каддафи --- Muʻammar Muhammad Abū Minyār al-Qadhdhāfī --- معمر محمد أبو منيار القذافي‎ --- Lībiyā --- Jamāhīrīyah al-ʻArabīyah al-Lībīyah al-Shaʻbīyah al-Ishtirākīyah --- Libyan Arab Jamahiriya --- Jamahiriya arabe libyenne --- Libyen --- Libia --- Livii︠a︡ --- Popular Socialist Libyan Arab Jamahiriya --- Libië --- Socialist People's Arab Jamahiriya --- Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya --- Luv --- Libye --- Jamahiriya arabe libyenne populaire socialiste --- Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya --- Gran Jamahiriya araba libica socialista popolare --- SPLAJ --- Jamahiriya Arab Libyan Popular Socialist --- G.S.P.L.A.J. --- GSPLAJ --- Jamāhīrīyah al-ʻUẓmá --- Jamahiriya al-Arabiya al-Libiya al-Shabiya al-Ishtirakiya al-Uzma --- Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Republic --- Grande Jamahiriya arabe populaire socialiste libyenne --- Mamlakah al-Lībīyah al-Muttaḥidah --- Grand Jamahiriya arabe libyenne populaire socialiste --- State of Libya --- Dawiat Libiya --- リビア --- Ribia --- ليبيا --- לוב

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Qaddafi, Muammar. --- Gadhafi, Moʼammar --- Kaddafi, Muammar --- Qadhafi, Muammar --- El Kadhafi, Moammar --- Kadhafi, Moammar --- Moammar Kadhafi --- Gadafi, Muammar --- Muʼammar al-Qadafi --- Moamer El Kazzafi --- Moamar al-Gaddafi --- Muʼammar Al Qathafi --- Moʼammar el-Gadhafi --- Muammar Kaddafi --- Moamar El Kadhafi --- Muammar al-Qadhafi --- Muʻammar al-Qadhdhāfī --- Qadafi, Muʼammar --- El Kazzafi, Moamer --- Gaddafi, Moamar --- Al Qathafi, Muʼammar --- Qadhdhāfī, Muʻammar --- Khaddafi, Muammar --- Muammar al-Khaddafi --- Muʻamar al-Ḳad'afi --- Ḳad'afi, Muʻamar al --- -Ghaddafy, Muammar --- Ghadafi, Muammar --- Ghaddafi, Muammar --- Kaddafi, Muamar --- Quathafi, Muammar --- Gheddafi, Muammar --- Muammar Ghaddafy --- Muammar Ghadafi --- Muammar Ghaddafi --- Muamar Al-Kaddafi --- Muammar Quathafi --- Muammar Gheddafi --- Khadafy, Moammar --- Qudhafi, Moammar --- Qathafi, Mu'Ammar el --- El Qathafi, Mu'Ammar --- Kadaffi, Momar --- El Gaddafi, Moamar --- Moamar el Gaddafi --- Kazzafi, Moammar --- Gheddafi, Muhammar --- al-Qadhafi, Muammar --- Muammar Al-Gathafi --- Al-Gathafi, Muammar --- Gathafi, Muammar --- Kadhafi, Mouammar --- Al Gathafi, M. --- Gathafi, M. Al --- القذافي --- القذافي معمر --- قدافي، معمر --- قدف، معمر --- قذافى، معمر --- قذافي، معمد --- معمر القذافي --- Muammar el Gheddafi --- Al-Kadhafi, Mouamar --- Libya --- Politics and government --- Каддафи, Муаммар --- Qadāfī, Muʼammar --- al-Qadhdhāfī, Muʻammar --- القذافي، معمر --- al-Qadhdhāfī, Muʻammar Muhammad Abū Minyār --- معمر محمد أبو منيار، القذافي‎ --- Муаммар Каддафи --- Muʻammar Muhammad Abū Minyār al-Qadhdhāfī --- معمر محمد أبو منيار القذافي‎ --- Lībiyā --- Jamāhīrīyah al-ʻArabīyah al-Lībīyah al-Shaʻbīyah al-Ishtirākīyah --- Libyan Arab Jamahiriya --- Jamahiriya arabe libyenne --- Libyen --- Libia --- Livii︠a︡ --- Popular Socialist Libyan Arab Jamahiriya --- Libië --- Socialist People's Arab Jamahiriya --- Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya --- Luv --- Libye --- Jamahiriya arabe libyenne populaire socialiste --- Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya --- Gran Jamahiriya araba libica socialista popolare --- SPLAJ --- Jamahiriya Arab Libyan Popular Socialist --- G.S.P.L.A.J. --- GSPLAJ --- Jamāhīrīyah al-ʻUẓmá --- Jamahiriya al-Arabiya al-Libiya al-Shabiya al-Ishtirakiya al-Uzma --- Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Republic --- Grande Jamahiriya arabe populaire socialiste libyenne --- Mamlakah al-Lībīyah al-Muttaḥidah --- Grand Jamahiriya arabe libyenne populaire socialiste --- State of Libya --- Dawiat Libiya --- リビア --- Ribia --- ليبيا --- לוב

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seit 1969 intensivierte die Bundesrepublik ihre wirtschaftlichen, aber auch ihre politischen Beziehungen zu Libyen unter der Herrschaft von Muammar al-Gaddafi. Tim Szatkowski analysiert das deutsch-libysche Verhältnis während der Kanzlerschaft von Willy Brandt und Helmut Schmidt. Der Autor geht dabei der Frage nach, welche Motive so schwer wogen, dass die sozial-liberale Koalition Menschenrechtsverletzungen und die offenkundige Verstrickung Libyens in den internationalen Terrorismus weniger beachtete, als man dies hätte erwarten können. Auf der Basis erstmals ausgewerteter Akten des Auswärtigen Amts kann heute eine differenzierte Antwort gegeben werden. Eine Veröffentlichung des Instituts für Zeitgeschichte München-Berlin

Human rights. --- Terrorism. --- East and West. --- Qaddafi, Muammar. --- Brandt, Willy, --- Schmidt, Helmut, --- Libya --- Germany --- Germany (West) --- Foreign relations --- Politics and government --- Politics and government. --- Civilization, Western --- Civilization, Oriental --- Occident and Orient --- Orient and Occident --- West and East --- Eastern question --- Acts of terrorism --- Attacks, Terrorist --- Global terrorism --- International terrorism --- Political terrorism --- Terror attacks --- Terrorist acts --- Terrorist attacks --- World terrorism --- Direct action --- Insurgency --- Political crimes and offenses --- Subversive activities --- Political violence --- Terror --- Basic rights --- Civil rights (International law) --- Human rights --- Rights, Human --- Rights of man --- Human security --- Transitional justice --- Truth commissions --- Asian influences --- Oriental influences --- Western influences --- Law and legislation --- Frahm, Karl, --- Brant, Vili, --- Frahm, Herbert Ernst Karl, --- Brandt, Villi, --- Brandt, V. --- Po-lan-tʻe, Wei-li, --- Gadhafi, Moʼammar --- Kaddafi, Muammar --- Qadhafi, Muammar --- El Kadhafi, Moammar --- Kadhafi, Moammar --- Moammar Kadhafi --- Gadafi, Muammar --- Muʼammar al-Qadafi --- Moamer El Kazzafi --- Moamar al-Gaddafi --- Muʼammar Al Qathafi --- Moʼammar el-Gadhafi --- Muammar Kaddafi --- Moamar El Kadhafi --- Muammar al-Qadhafi --- Muʻammar al-Qadhdhāfī --- Qadafi, Muʼammar --- El Kazzafi, Moamer --- Gaddafi, Moamar --- Al Qathafi, Muʼammar --- Qadhdhāfī, Muʻammar --- Khaddafi, Muammar --- Muammar al-Khaddafi --- Muʻamar al-Ḳad'afi --- Ḳad'afi, Muʻamar al --- -Ghaddafy, Muammar --- Ghadafi, Muammar --- Ghaddafi, Muammar --- Kaddafi, Muamar --- Quathafi, Muammar --- Gheddafi, Muammar --- Muammar Ghaddafy --- Muammar Ghadafi --- Muammar Ghaddafi --- Muamar Al-Kaddafi --- Muammar Quathafi --- Muammar Gheddafi --- Khadafy, Moammar --- Qudhafi, Moammar --- Qathafi, Mu'Ammar el --- El Qathafi, Mu'Ammar --- Kadaffi, Momar --- El Gaddafi, Moamar --- Moamar el Gaddafi --- Kazzafi, Moammar --- Gheddafi, Muhammar --- al-Qadhafi, Muammar --- Muammar Al-Gathafi --- Al-Gathafi, Muammar --- Gathafi, Muammar --- Kadhafi, Mouammar --- Al Gathafi, M. --- Gathafi, M. Al --- القذافي --- القذافي معمر --- قدافي، معمر --- قدف، معمر --- قذافى، معمر --- قذافي، معمد --- معمر القذافي --- Muammar el Gheddafi --- Al-Kadhafi, Mouamar --- Lībiyā --- Jamāhīrīyah al-ʻArabīyah al-Lībīyah al-Shaʻbīyah al-Ishtirākīyah --- Libyan Arab Jamahiriya --- Jamahiriya arabe libyenne --- Libyen --- Libia --- Livii︠a︡ --- Popular Socialist Libyan Arab Jamahiriya --- Libië --- Socialist People's Arab Jamahiriya --- Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya --- Luv --- Libye --- Jamahiriya arabe libyenne populaire socialiste --- Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya --- Gran Jamahiriya araba libica socialista popolare --- SPLAJ --- Jamahiriya Arab Libyan Popular Socialist --- G.S.P.L.A.J. --- GSPLAJ --- Jamāhīrīyah al-ʻUẓmá --- Jamahiriya al-Arabiya al-Libiya al-Shabiya al-Ishtirakiya al-Uzma --- Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Republic --- Grande Jamahiriya arabe populaire socialiste libyenne --- Mamlakah al-Lībīyah al-Muttaḥidah --- Grand Jamahiriya arabe libyenne populaire socialiste --- State of Libya --- Dawiat Libiya --- リビア --- Ribia --- ليبيا --- לוב --- Federal Republic of Germany --- Germany (Federal Republic, 1949- ) --- GFR --- West Germany (1949-1990) --- Germanskai︠a︡ Federalʹnai︠a︡ Respublika --- Ḥukūmat Almānyā al-Ittiḥādīyah --- NRF --- Niemiecka Republika Federalna --- FRG --- Federativnai︠a︡ Respublika Germanii --- NSR --- Nĕmecká spolková republika --- Német Szövetségi Köztársaság --- BRD --- Bundesrepublik Deutschland --- Republiḳah ha-federalit ha-Germanit --- Batı Almanya --- Federal Almanya --- Tyske forbundsrepublik --- NSzK --- Repubblica federale tedesca --- Hsi-te cheng fu --- Te-i-chih lien pang kung ho kuo --- RFA --- République fédérale allemande --- RFN --- Republika Federalna Niemiec --- Republik Federasi Jerman --- Germany (Federal Republic) --- G.F.R. --- N.R.F. --- F.R.G. --- N.S.R. --- B.R.D. --- N.Sz.K. --- R.F.A. --- R.F.N. --- Alemania Federal --- République fédérale d'Allemagne --- República Federal de Alemania --- Bondsrepubliek Duitsland --- Repubblica federale di Germania --- German Federal Republic --- Western Germany --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : British Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : French Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : Russian Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : U.S. Zone) --- Germany (East) --- Weimar Republic --- Germanii︠a︡ --- Германия --- FRN --- Jirmānīya --- جرمانيا --- Nimechchyna --- Gjermani --- Federalʹna Respublika Nimechchyny --- Veĭmarskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Ashkenaz --- Germanyah --- Deutschland --- Repoblika Federalin'i Alemana --- Alemania --- República de Alemania --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh German Uls --- Kholboony Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh German Uls --- KhBNGU --- ХБНГУ --- German Uls --- Germania --- Republika Federal Alemmana --- Deutsches Reich --- Grossdeutsches Reich --- Weimarer Republik --- Vācijā --- ドイツ --- Doitsu --- ドイツ連邦共和国 --- Doitsu Renpō Kyōwakoku --- Holy Roman Empire --- Law --- Law, Germanic