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Lässt sich menschlicher Geist, lassen sich unsere Überzeugungen, Gedankengänge, Wünsche und Absichten mit rein naturwissenschaftlich orientierten Methoden erschöpfend erfassen, wie eine Version des Naturalismus behauptet? Hier wird ein Argument gegen diese Auffassung entwickelt. Geist ist auf vielfältige Weise mit Rationalität verbunden, und was als rational gilt, ist nicht ein für alle Mal gegeben, sondern muss immer neu verhandelt werden. Dabei kommt eine Besonderheit des menschlichen Geistes zum Tragen: die Fähigkeit, bewusst über die eigenen Begriffe nachzudenken. Wir können Begriffe vernünftig an gegebene Umstände anpassen und weiterentwickeln – etwa in unserer alltäglichen Lebenswelt, in der Logik oder in der Naturwissenschaft. Ein Mittel dafür sind metasprachliche Diskurse, in denen zur Debatte steht, was wir mit bestimmten Wörtern sinnvollerweise meinen sollten. Semantische Konzepte wie das der Bedeutung sind Werkzeuge in solchen Klärungs- und Präzisierungsdiskursen. Die Entwicklung der Begriffe und damit auch die unseres rationalen, vernünftigen Weltverhältnisses sind in einem substantiellen Sinne offen: Wir sind aktiv an ihnen beteiligt und können nicht vorausberechnen, wie sie verlaufen werden. Das spricht gegen die Möglichkeit vollständig empirischer Theorien über unseren Geist und so auch gegen den Naturalismus. Es zeigt sich, dass diese philosophischen Befunde zur Struktur tatsächlicher psychologischer Forschung passen.

Rationalization (Psychology) --- Naturalism. --- Psycholinguistics.

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Cultural diversity - the multitude of different lifestyles that are not necessarily based on ethnic culture - is a catchphrase increasingly used in place of multiculturalism and in conjunction with globalization. Even though it is often used as a slogan it does capture a widespread phenomenon that cities must contend with in dealing with their increasingly diverse populations. The contributors examine how Russian cities are responding and through case studies from Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, and Sochi explore the ways in which different cultures are inscribed into urban spaces, whe

Cultural pluralism --- Imperialism --- Rationalization (Psychology) --- Language and culture --- History. --- Social aspects --- Political aspects

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Cultural pluralism --- Imperialism --- Language and culture --- Rationalization (Psychology) --- History --- Social aspects --- History --- Political aspects --- History

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Historians habitually write about empires that expand, wage wars, and collapse, as if empires were self-evident and self-conscious entities with a distinct and clear sense of purpose. The stories of empires are told in the language of modern nation-centred social sciences: multi-cultural and heterogeneous empires of the past appear either as huge “nations” with a common language, culture, and territory, or as amalgamations of would-be nations striving to gain independence. Empire Speaks Out reconstructs the historical encounter of the Russian Empire of the seventeenth through the early twentieth centuries with the complex challenge of modernity. It does so by taking the self-awareness of empire seriously, and by looking into how bureaucrats, ideologues, politicians, scholars, and modern professionals described the ethnic, cultural, and social diversity of the empire. “Empire” then reveals itself not through deliberate and well-conceived actions of some mysterious political body, but as a series of “imperial situations” that different people encounter and perceive in common categories. The rationalization of previously intuitive social practices as imperial languages is the central theme of the collection. This book is published with support from Volkswagen Foundation, within the collective research project “Languages of Self Description and Representation in the Russian Empire”

Cultural pluralism --- Imperialism --- Rationalization (Psychology) --- Self-perception --- Language and culture --- Discourse analysis --- History. --- Social aspects --- Political aspects --- Russia --- Ethnic relations. --- Social conditions. --- Politics and government. --- History

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Social stratification. --- Stereotypes (Social psychology) --- Intergroup relations. --- Rationalization (Psychology) --- Legitimacy of governments. --- Organizational behavior. --- Stratification sociale --- Stéréotypes --- Relations intergroupes --- Rationalisation (Psychologie) --- Légitimité des gouvernements --- Comportement organisationnel --- Social stratification --- Intergroup relations --- Legitimacy of governments --- Organizational behavior --- #PBIB:2002.1 --- Stereotypes (Social psychology). --- Rationalization (Psychology). --- Stéréotypes --- Légitimité des gouvernements --- Mental stereotypes --- Stereotype (Psychology) --- Stereotyping (Social psychology) --- Stratification, Social --- Behavior in organizations --- Governments, Legitimacy of --- Legitimacy (Constitutional law) --- Conflict, Intergroup --- Intergroup conflict --- Relations, Intergroup --- Social psychology --- Attitude (Psychology) --- Rigidity (Psychology) --- Equality --- Social structure --- Social classes --- Defense mechanisms (Psychology) --- Excuses --- Psychoanalysis --- Management --- Organization --- Psychology, Industrial --- Consensus (Social sciences) --- Revolutions --- Sovereignty --- State, The --- General will --- Political stability --- Regime change --- Social interaction