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The love songs of Occitan troubadours inspired a rich body of courtly lyric by poets working in neighboring languages. For Sarah Kay, these poets were nightingales, composing verse that is recognizable yet original. But troubadour poetry also circulated across Europe in a form that is less well known but was more transformative. Writers outside Occitania "ed troubadour songs word for word in their original language, then commented upon these excerpts as linguistic or poetic examples, as guides to conduct, and even as sources of theological insight. If troubadours and their poetic imitators were nightingales, these "ation artists were parrots, and their practices of excerption and repetition brought about changes in poetic subjectivity that would deeply affect the European canon. The first sustained study of the medieval tradition of troubadour "ation, Parrots and Nightingales examines texts produced along the arc of the northern Mediterranean—from Catalonia through southern France to northern Italy—through the thirteenth century and the first half of the fourteenth. Featuring extensive appendices of over a thousand troubadour passages that have been "ed or anthologized, Parrots and Nightingales traces how "ations influenced the works of grammarians, short story writers, biographers, encyclopedists, and not least, other poets including Dante and Petrarch. Kay explores the instability and fluidity of medieval textuality, revealing how the art of "ation affected the transmission of knowledge and transformed perceptions of desire from the "courtly love" of the Middle Ages to the more learned formulations that emerged in the Renaissance. Parrots and Nightingales deftly restores the medieval tradition of lyric "ation to visibility, persuasively arguing for its originality and influence as a literary strategy.

Littérature occitane --- Chansons de troubadours --- Poésie médiévale --- Histoire et critique. --- Influence occitane --- Provençal literature --- Troubadour songs --- Quotations in literature --- European poetry --- European literature --- Songs, Provençal --- History and criticism --- Provençal influences&delete& --- History and criticism. --- Provençal influences --- Cultural Studies. --- Literature. --- Medieval and Renaissance Studies.

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Latin poetry --- Quotations --- Poésie latine --- Citations --- History and criticism --- Histoire et critique --- Virgil --- Gallus, Gaius Cornelius, --- Criticism and interpretation. --- Ciris --- Quotations in literature. --- Allusions in literature. --- Rhetoric, Ancient. --- History and criticism. --- Allusions in literature --- -Quotations in literature --- Rhetoric, Ancient --- Classical languages --- Greek language --- Greek rhetoric --- Latin language --- Latin rhetoric --- Latin literature --- Rhetoric --- Gallus, Gaius Cornelius --- -Virgil --- -Virgilio Marone, P. --- Vergilius Maro, Publius --- Vergilīĭ --- Virgile --- Vergílio --- Wergiliusz --- Vergilīĭ Maron, P. --- Vergilīĭ Maron, Publīĭ --- Verhiliĭ Maron, P. --- Vergil --- Virgilio --- Virgilīĭ --- Virgilius Maro, P. --- Virgilius Maro, Publius --- Virgil Maro, P. --- ווירגיל --- וירגיליוס --- ורגיליוס --- מרו, פובליוס ורגיליוס --- فرجيل --- Pseudo-Virgil --- Pseudo Virgilio --- Virgilio Marón, Publio --- Bhārjila --- Technique --- Rome --- In literature. --- Technique. --- Ciris. --- -Technique --- -Virgilio Marone, P., --- Vergilīĭ, --- Virgile, --- Vergílio, --- Wergiliusz, --- Vergilīĭ Maron, Publīĭ, --- Verhiliĭ Maron, P., --- Vergil, --- Virgilio, --- Virgilīĭ, --- Virgilius Maro, P., --- Virgilius Maro, Publius, --- Virgil Maro, P., --- ווירגיל, --- וירגיליוס, --- ורגיליוס, --- מרו, פובליוס ורגיליוס, --- فرجيل, --- Pseudo-Virgil, --- Pseudo Virgilio, --- Virgilio Marón, Publio, --- Bhārjila, --- -Vergil --- Virgilio Máron, Publio --- Vergili Maronis, Publius --- Poésie latine --- Ancient rhetoric --- Quotations in literature --- Gallo, Cornelio, --- Gallus, C. Cornelius, --- Gallus, Caius Cornelius, --- Gallus, Cornelius, --- Carmen appendicis Vergilianae --- Ciris, carmen appendicis Vergilianae. --- Virgilio Marone, P., --- Vergilius Maro, P. --- Vergilius --- Virgilio Marone, P. --- Marone, Publio Virgilio --- Latin poetry - History and criticism.