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The volume focuses on the genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and bioinformatics of a single cell, especially lymphocytes and on understanding the molecular mechanisms of systems immunology. Based on the author’s personal experience, it provides revealing insights into the potential applications, significance, workflow, comparison, future perspectives and challenges of single-cell sequencing for identifying and developing disease-specific biomarkers in order to understand the biological function, activation and dysfunction of single cells and lymphocytes and to explore their functional roles and responses to therapies. It also provides detailed information on individual subgroups of lymphocytes, including cell characters, function, surface markers, receptor function, intracellular signals and pathways, production of inflammatory mediators, nuclear receptors and factors, omics, sequencing, disease-specific biomarkers, bioinformatics, networks and dynamic networks, their role in disease and future prospects.   Dr. Xiangdong Wang is a Professor of Medicine, Director of Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Director of Fudan University Center for Clinical Bioinformatics, Director of the Biomedical Research Center of Zhongshan Hospital, Deputy Director of Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Shanghai, China.  .

Biomedicine. --- Immunology. --- Systems Biology. --- Proteomics. --- Cell Biology. --- Medicine. --- Biological models. --- Cytology. --- Médecine --- Immunologie --- Protéomique --- Modèles biologiques --- Cytologie --- Immunoinformatics. --- Nucleotide sequence. --- Systems biology. --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Analysis, Nucleic acid sequence --- Analysis, Nucleotide sequence --- Base sequence (Nucleic acids) --- DNA sequence --- Nucleic acid sequence analysis --- Nucleotide sequence analysis --- RNA sequence --- Sequence, Nucleotide --- Computational immunology --- Immunological informatics --- Cell biology. --- Computational biology --- Bioinformatics --- Biological systems --- Molecular biology --- Nucleic acids --- Nucleotides --- Sequence alignment (Bioinformatics) --- Immunology --- Analysis --- Data processing --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Cells --- Cytologists --- Proteins --- Models, Biological --- Immunobiology --- Life sciences --- Serology

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This book elucidates the genetic, biological, morphological and functional aspects of telocytes. Telocytes are a recently defined type of interstitial (stromal) cells, with very long (tens to hundreds of micrometres) and very thin prolongations (mostly below the resolving power of light microscopy). The book describes the presence of telocytes in various organs and tissues, details their morphological characteristics, explores their genomic and proteomic profiles, puts forward preclinical evidence of their application, and discusses their potential in the context of clinical therapeutics. As such, it offers a valuable guide for biologists and clinicians alike. Dr. Xiangdong Wang is a distinguished Professor of Medicine. He is Director of the Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Executive Director of the Clinical Science Institute at Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China; Dr. Dragos Cretoiu is an Associate Professor of Pathology at the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest.

Life sciences. --- Molecular biology. --- Cell biology. --- Life Sciences. --- Cell Biology. --- Molecular Medicine. --- Connective tissue cells. --- Cytology. --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Molecular biochemistry --- Molecular biophysics --- Biochemistry --- Biophysics --- Biomolecules --- Systems biology --- Biology --- Cells --- Cytologists --- Biosciences --- Sciences, Life --- Science --- Medicine. --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Health Workforce

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The book focuses on various detection targets applied in single cell studies, including tumor tissue cells, circulating tumor cells (CTCs), disseminated tumor cells (DTCs), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and cancer stem cells (CSCs). It also discusses and compares detection methods using these detection targets in different fields to reveal single cell biomedical functions. The volume focuses not only on the methods already been established and validated, and also the methods newly developed. The book also highlights the importance and potential of single cell biomedicine in the development and validation of precision medicine strategies. It is useful for researchers and students in the field of cell biology, molecular medicine and precision medicine etc.

Medicine --- Biology --- Research. --- Medicine. --- Molecular biology. --- Cell biology. --- Biomedicine. --- Molecular Medicine. --- Cell Biology. --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Cells --- Cytologists --- Molecular biochemistry --- Molecular biophysics --- Biochemistry --- Biophysics --- Biomolecules --- Systems biology --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Biological research --- Biomedical research --- Medical research --- Health Workforce

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This volume covers the emerging area of science, Clinical Lipidomics, which is the application of lipidology to the understanding of physiological and pathophysiological changes of lipidomes, with a special focus on lipidomic profiles in human diseases. Lipidomics is widely used to map lipid molecular species in a biological system. Clinical lipidomic analysis has demonstrated the comprehensive characterization of molecular lipids in various severities, durations, and therapies as a critical tool in identification and validation of disease-specific biomarkers. This volume on Clinical Lipidomics will add to the literature and help advance the knowledge of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases. .

General biochemistry --- Molecular biology --- Human physiology --- Oncology. Neoplasms --- Semiology. Diagnosis. Symptomatology --- Human medicine --- lipiden --- klinische chemie --- geneeskunde --- cholesterol --- oncologie --- fysiologie --- moleculaire biologie --- Medicine. --- Human physiology. --- Lipids. --- Oncology. --- Molecular Medicine. --- Human Physiology. --- Lipidology. --- Cancer Research. --- Tumors --- Lipides --- Lipins --- Lipoids --- Biomolecules --- Steroids --- Human biology --- Medical sciences --- Physiology --- Human body --- Health Workforce --- Molecular biology. --- Cancer research. --- Cancer research --- Molecular biochemistry --- Molecular biophysics --- Biochemistry --- Biophysics --- Systems biology

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Cartilage is an important tissue in the skeleton. During skeletal development transient cartilage forms a template for the skeletal elements before it is replaced by bone. In the joints a non-transient form of cartilage, the articular cartilage, caps the ends of the bones and ensures very low friction between the bones to support mobility. Damage to this articular cartilage is a main feature of joint diseases. Osteoarthritis is the most common chronic joint disease, affecting millions of people world-wide and is characterized by progressive structural damage to the articular cartilage and the underlying subchondral bone, leading to pain and disability. Currently, no disease modifying treatments are available for patients with osteoarthritis, thereby defining an important unmet medical need.The Wnt signaling pathway has been identified as a key player in cartilage development, homeostasis and disease. Hyperactivation of Wnt signaling inhibits early cartilage differentiation but stimulates the last stages of the developmental differentiation process. In the articular cartilage, low levels of active Wnt signaling appear important for cell survival, but hyperactivation of the pathway is associated with abnormal differentiation of the cells and an increase in the production of tissue-destructive enzymes thereby contributing to disease processes active in osteoarthritis. Hence, Wnt signaling is considered to be a therapeutic target for this disease. Therefore, understanding of the mechanisms that regulate this pathway in cartilage is important.In this thesis, two regulatory mechanisms are investigated and demonstrated. First, activation of Wnt signaling is demonstrated to be dependent on the presence of heparin sulfate proteoglycans. Exostosin-1 (Ext1) encodes a glycosyltransferase that is required for heparan sulfate (HS) chain elongation in proteoglycan biosynthesis. HS chains serve as binding partners for signaling proteins, affecting their distribution and activity. In knockdown experiments in a chondrocyte development model, HS levels were reduced and this positively impacted on chondrogenic differentiation and proteoglycan accumulation. Ext1 knock-down reduced active Wnt signaling. Conversely, Ext1 overexpressing cells, with higher HS content, showed decreased chondrogenic differentiation and enhanced Wnt. Wnt signaling activation led to a down-regulation of Ext1 expression in chondrocytes.EXT1 therefore affects chondrogenic differentiation of precursor cells, in part via changes in the activity of Wnt signaling. As Wnt signaling also controls Ext1 expression, a regulatory loop between EXT1 and Wnt signaling during chondrogenesis is proposed.Second, interactions between Wnt signaling and intracellular multifunctional molecule ANP32A were demonstrated. ANP32A was previously shown to protect against cartilage damage by limiting oxidative stress through regulation of key anti-oxidant regulator molecule ATM expression. However, anti-oxidant treatment only partially rescued joint damage in Anp32a KO mice with osteoarthritis. Analysis of global gene expression levels by microarray in the articular cartilage of Anp32a KO mouse cartilage suggested that ANP32A also can regulate Wnt signaling. Lack of Anp32a in a cartilage differentiation process resulted in inhibition of differentiation and lack of proteoglycan accumulation, associated with Wnt hyper-activation. In human and mouse articular cartilage, Anp32a deficiency was also linked to hyper-activation of Wnt signaling.Therefore, this work reveals that EXT1 and ANP32A regulate the activity of Wnt signaling and can be considered potential targets to modulate this pathway in the treatment of osteoarthritis.