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A study of the productivity of land in the bishopric of Winchester from 1208-1350. To a student of agrarian society and economy the knowledge of changes in the productivity of land is a crucial factor. For the Middle Ages, only England has the right type of documents - the manorial accounts - to allow cereal yields to be calculated with any degree of exactness. The accounts of the bishopric of Winchester occupy a very special position. This collection not only antedates all others by some 50 years, but is also by far the best series of account rolls in existence and the only one allowing for a study covering the whole of the 13th century. Dr Titow presents the whole range of the Winchester yield calculations and also examines the observable changes in productivity in the light of other relevant factors.

Grain --- Agricultural productivity --- Yields --- History --- England --- Economic conditions --- 63 "04/14" --- -Agricultural productivity --- -63 --- 338 --- 93 --- (410) --- Productivity, Agricultural --- Agriculture --- Farm management --- Breadstuffs --- Cereal grains --- Cereals --- Grains --- Botany, Economic --- Field crops --- Flour --- Food --- Food crops --- Seed crops --- Agriculture and related sciences and techniques. Forestry. Farming. Wildlife exploitation--Middeleeuwen --- -History --- -Economic aspects --- -England --- -63 "04/14" --- 63 "04/14" Agriculture and related sciences and techniques. Forestry. Farming. Wildlife exploitation--Middeleeuwen --- 63 --- Economic aspects --- Grain - Yields - England - Winchester (Diocese) --- Agricultural productivity - England - Winchester (Diocese) - History - To 1500 --- England - Economic conditions - 1066-1485

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Police are required to obey the law. While that seems obvious, courts have lost track of that requirement due to misinterpreting the two constitutional provisions governing police conduct: the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments. The Fourth Amendment forbids "unreasonable searches and seizures" and is the source of most constitutional constraints on policing. Although that provision technically applies only to the federal government, the Fourteenth Amendment, ratified in the wake of the Civil War, has been deemed to apply the Fourth Amendment to the States. This book contends that the courts' misinterpretation of these provisions has led them to hold federal and state law enforcement mistakenly to the same constitutional standards. The Fourth Amendment was originally understood as a federalism, or "states' rights," provision that, in effect, required federal agents to adhere to state law when searching or seizing. Thus, applying the same constraint to the States is impossible. Instead, the Fourteenth Amendment was originally understood in part as requiring that state officials (1) adhere to state law, (2) not discriminate, and (3) not be granted excessive discretion by legislators. These principles should guide judicial review of modern policing. Instead, constitutional constraints on policing are too strict and too forgiving at the same time. In this book, Michael J.Z. Mannheimer calls for a reimagination of what modern policing could look like based on the original understandings of the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments.

Police --- Searches and seizures --- Law and legislation --- United States.

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