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This book provides an accessible guide to concepts in language testing and the testing of specific skills and systems. It combines theory and practical recommendations to help teachers understand the principles of testing and how they can be applied, supporting them to write better tests. The third edition has been extensively revised and updated to reflect recent developments in the field, while retaining the straightforward approach that made the earlier editions essential reading for trainee and experienced teachers alike. It features new content on technology, including computer adaptive testing and the use of automated scoring for all skills. It also includes an extended discussion of language testers' responsibilities, new chapters on non-testing methods of assessment and a checklist to help teachers choose tests.

Language and languages --- Ability testing. --- Language assessment --- Study and teaching

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bedrijfsorganisatie --- Vakbond, strategie --- socialistische arbeidersbeweging --- Frankrijk --- Art --- Architecture --- Sculpture --- Painting --- History --- art [fine art] --- architecture [discipline] --- painting [image-making] --- art history --- sculpting --- Brancusi, Constantin --- Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig --- Böcklin, Arnold --- Arp, Hans --- Magritte, René --- Meier, Richard --- Beckmann, Max --- Andre, Carl --- Chirico, de, Giorgio --- Pearlstein, Philip --- Loos, Adolf --- Tatlin, Vladimir --- Lissitzky, Eliezer --- Rainer, Arnulf --- Severini, Gino --- Kirchner, Ernst Ludwig --- Dix, Otto --- Hockney, David --- Dubuffet, Jean --- Kienholz, Edward --- Delaunay, Robert --- Heartfield, John --- Warhol, Andy --- Cheval, Ferdinand --- Rousseau, Henri --- Stella, Frank --- Hausmann, Raoul --- Hamilton, Richard --- Sullivan, Louis --- Ernst, Max --- Oldenburg, Claes --- Bellmer, Hans --- Schlichter, Rudolf --- Duchamp, Marcel --- Altman, Nathan Isajevitsj --- Picasso, Pablo --- Johns, Jasper --- Kitaj, Ronald B. --- Berg, Max --- Bertelli, Renato --- Newman, Barnett --- Cottingham, Robert --- Doesburg, van, Theo --- Rothko, Mark --- Puvis de Chavannes, Pierre --- Segal, George --- Léger, Fernand --- Epstein, Jacob --- Taut, Bruno --- Koslinski, Vladimir Ivanovitsj --- Perret, Auguste --- Lefèbvre, Camille --- Marini, Marino --- Feininger, Lyonel --- Gogh, van, Vincent --- Meyer, Adolf --- Pollock, Jackson --- Arikha, Avigdor --- Beuys, Joseph --- Grosz, Georg --- Perret, Gustave --- Rössing, Karl --- Klee, Paul --- Gontcharova, Natalia --- Miró, Joan --- Cézanne, Paul --- Heizer, Michael --- Louis, Morris --- Marc, Franz --- Prampolini, Enrico --- Soutine, Chaïm --- Gill, André --- Manet, Edouard --- Kandinsky, Vasili Vassileevich --- Picabia, Francis --- Kokoschka, Oskar --- Gauguin, Paul --- Boccioni, Umberto --- Matisse, Henri --- Braque, Georges --- Seurat, Georges --- Mondriaan, Piet --- Dalí, Salvador --- Gris, Juan --- Fuller, Richard Buckminster --- Lichtenstein, Roy --- Rauschenberg, Robert --- Corbusier, le --- Chagall, Marc --- Bonnard, Pierre --- Bacon, Francis --- Munch, Edvard --- Monet, Claude --- Schöffer, Nicolas --- Rosenquist, James --- Motherwell, Robert --- Diebenkorn, Richard --- Gorky, Arshile --- Oppenheim, Meret --- Riley, Bridget --- Samaras, Lucas --- Still, Clyfford --- Frankenthaler, Helen --- Davis, Stuart --- Stella, Joseph --- Balla, Giacomo --- Schwitters, Kurt --- Darboven, Hanne --- Demuth, Charles Henry --- Höch, Hannah --- Gropius, Walter --- Maria, de, Walter --- Noland, Kenneth --- O'Keeffe, Georgia --- Sant'Elia, Antonio --- Gaudí, Antoní --- Rietveld, Gerrit --- Malevitsj, Kasimir --- Luckhardt, Wassili --- Speer, Albert --- Nitsch, Hermann --- Kooning, de, Willem --- Cornell, Joseph --- Giacometti, Alberto --- Derain, André --- Seligmann, Kurt --- Burnham & Root --- anno 1900-1999 --- anno 2000-2099 --- kunst --- 930 --- 7.036 --- 75 --- Kunsttheorie ; architectuurtheorie ; Robert Hughes --- 7.01 --- Kunst --- 705.8 --- kunstgeschiedenis --- 20e eeuw (twintigste eeuw) --- schilderkunst --- beeldhouwkunst --- architectuur --- avant-garde --- modernisme --- 75 Schilderkunst --- Schilderkunst --- 7.036 Moderne kunststijlen --- Moderne kunststijlen --- 930 Geschiedwetenschap. Hulpwetenschappen der geschiedenis --- Geschiedwetenschap. Hulpwetenschappen der geschiedenis --- Kunst ; theorie, filosofie, esthetica --- kunstgeschiedenis, 20e eeuw --- art criticism --- Modernist --- kunstkritiek --- Lissitzky, El --- 700 --- moderne kunst --- kunst algemeen --- art généralités --- art [discipline] --- Kandinsky, Wassily

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When architects draw even brick walls to six decimal places with software designed to cut lenses, it is clear that the logic that once organized relations between precision and material error in construction has unraveled. Precision, already a promiscuous term, seems now to have been uncoupled from its contract with truthfulness. Meanwhile error, and the always-political space of its dissent, has reconfigured itself. In The Architecture of Error Francesca Hughes argues that behind the architect’s acute fetishization of redundant precision lies a special fear of physical error. What if we were to consider the pivotal cultural and technological transformations of modernism to have been driven not so much by the causes its narratives declare, she asks, as by an unspoken horror of loss of control over error, material life, and everything that matter stands for? Hughes traces the rising intolerance of material vagaries—from the removal of ornament to digitalized fabrication—that produced the blind rejection of organic materials, the proliferation of material testing, and the rhetorical obstacles that blighted cybernetics. Why is it, she asks, that the more we cornered physical error, the more we feared it?

Architecture --- architectural theory --- Architectural design. --- Measurement. --- Architects --- Design architectural --- Mesure --- Architectes --- Psychology. --- Psychologie --- 72.01 --- Architectuur (theorie) --- Architectuurtheorie --- Architectuur (esthetica) --- Architectuuresthetica --- Architectural design --- Measurement --- Professional employees --- Design --- Structural design --- Measuring --- Mensuration --- Mathematics --- Technology --- Metrology --- Physical measurements --- Psychology --- architectuurfilosofie