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Die in der Antike häufig bezeugten Wächter (griechisch Phylakes) lassen sich als Vorläufer moderner Polizeibeamter ansehen, und damals wie heute sind Wachdienste eine Grundform polizeilichen Tätigwerdens. Zu allen Zeiten bedurften gefährdete Personen, Gebäude oder Grundstücke sowie wertvolle Güter oder Gelder der Bewachung, die durch verschiedenste Kategorien von Wächtern ausgeübt wurde. Auch im landwirtschaftlich geprägten Ägypten in griechischer und römischer Zeit waren Phylakes allenthalben im Einsatz und haben daher auch in den zahlreichen Papyrusurkunden dieser Zeit ihre Spuren hinterlassen. Die vorliegende Studie wertet systematisch die Belege vom Beginn der Ptolemäerherrschaft bis ins 4. Jahrhundert n. Chr. aus und zeichnet ein Bild dieses in ptolemäischer Zeit überwiegend privat organisierten Sicherheitswesens, in das die Bevölkerung durch ein belastendes Liturgiesystem integriert wurde. Ergänzend wurde eine eigene Abgabe eingeführt, die Phylakon-Steuer, deren zahlreiche Zeugnisse veranschaulichen, wie der Staat die Bevölkerung auch zur Finanzierung herangezogen hat. Daneben waren in römischer Zeit Phylakes auch weiterhin in privatem Auftrag tätig. Guards (Greek Phylakes) were common in antiquity and can be understood as forerunners of modern police men, and till nowadays guard duties are part of police activities. In all times endangered persons, buildings or properties as well as precious goods or funds needed protection, which was provided by different kinds of guards. In Graeco-roman Egypt with its deep agrarian character Phylakes were a widespread institution and left their traces in the numerous papyri of this time. The present study systematically analyses all testimonies beginning with the rule of the Ptolemies until the fourth century A.D. and draws a picture of the development of this security service, which - after having been predominantly privately organized in the ptolemaic era - was enlarged by the Romans and integrated into the compulsory public service as the lowest level of the public police service. Additionally a special tax was introduced, the Phylakon-tax, whose numerous receipts for payment demonstrate, by which means the government drew the population to the financing of the public security service.
Police, Private
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Taxation
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History.
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Egypt
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History
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Veiligheidsdiensten.
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Belastingen.
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Papyri.
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Sicherheit und Ordnung.
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Steuer.
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Ägypten
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History of Belgium and Luxembourg --- anno 1910-1919 --- anno 1900-1909 --- anno 1800-1899 --- Brussels --- Police --- Public policy (Law) --- Ordre public --- History --- Histoire --- Comité P --- police --- Belgique --- histoire --- Belgium --- Bélgica --- Belgija --- Belgien --- Belgie --- Belgicko --- België --- Beļģija --- Белгија --- Belgio --- Белгия --- Belgia --- il-Belġju --- An Bheilg --- Βέλγιο --- Belgjika --- Belgia Kuningriik --- Beļģijas Karaliste --- Royaume de Belgique --- Belgian kuningaskunta --- Belgické kráľovstvo --- Koninkrijk België --- Belgijos Karalystė --- das Königreich Belgien --- Βασίλειο του Βελγίου --- Kingdom of Belgium --- Кралство Белгија --- Краљевина Белгија --- Belgické království --- Reino de Bélgica --- ir-Renju tal-Belġju --- Regatul Belgiei --- Kongeriget Belgien --- Кралство Белгия --- Mbretëria e Belgjikës --- Belga Királyság --- Królestwo Belgii --- Konungariket Belgien --- Reino da Bélgica --- Kraljevina Belgija --- Regno del Belgio --- policja --- pulizija --- politie --- полиция --- policie --- rendőrség --- polícia --- αστυνομία --- poliție --- polici --- politsei --- poliisi --- politi --- Polizei --- policija --- полиција --- polizia --- policía --- polis --- national police --- πυροσβεστικό σώμα --- Policie České republiky --- police nationale --- policajac --- štátna polícia --- apparato di polizia --- kansallinen poliisi --- policía nacional --- policejní sbor --- rijkspolitie --- policijski službenik --- polícia nacional --- polizia nazionale --- forze di pubblica sicurezza --- polici kombëtare --- cuerpos de seguridad del Estado --- nationalt politi --- nationell poliskår --- riiklik politsei --- αστυνομία πόλεων --- Bundespolizei --- nacionalinė policija --- nemzeti rendőrség --- pořádkové síly --- forze dell'ordine --- organi di sicurezza dello Stato --- Cuerpo Nacional de Policía --- nationell polis --- χωροφυλακή --- policie státu --- σώματα ασφαλείας --- szövetségi rendőrség --- δυνάμεις ασφαλείας --- λιμενική αστυνομία --- αγροφυλακή --- fuerzas de orden público --- státní policie --- História --- ιστορία --- storja --- histori --- historie --- historia --- história --- история --- stair --- geschiedenis --- történettudomány --- povijest --- zgodovina --- history --- историја --- Geschichtswissenschaft --- storia --- istorija --- ajalugu --- vēsture --- istorie --- Geschichte --- historiografie --- storiografia --- dějiny národů --- historiador --- dějepis --- historická věda --- történelem --- póilíní --- Bruxelles (Belgique) --- 19e siècle
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Vigiles (Fonctionnaires romains) --- Vigiles (Roman officials) --- Vigiles (Romeinse ambtenaren) --- Disasters --- Fire extinction --- Fire fighters --- Police --- Buildings --- Extinction of fires --- Fighting of fires --- Fire fighting --- Fire suppression --- Firefighting --- Fire prevention --- Public safety --- Insurance engineering --- Calamities --- Catastrophes --- Curiosities and wonders --- Accidents --- Hazardous geographic environments --- Fires and fire prevention --- Rome
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This study of relations between Sung China (960-1279) and Kitan Liao (916-1125), a state on Sung's northern border, is both a military and diplomatic history and a history of diplomacy. Its first chapters historically contextualise the equality of Sung-Liao diplomacy and narrate how, during the late tenth and early eleventh centuries, the two states fought each other to a standstill before concluding peace at Shan-yüan in 1005. Later chapters cover the forms and textures of peaceful diplomatic contact between Sung and Liao that endured for the rest of the century. It will be useful for scholars and interested general readers who wish to probe beyond generalisations and explore in more detail mid-imperial China's warfare and diplomacy with its northern neighbours.
China --- Foreign relations --- History, Military --- History --- S07/0200 --- S09/0200 --- S04/0650 --- China: Army and police force--Military history --- China: Foreign relations and world politics--General works and before 1840 --- China: History--Song, Liao, Jin: 960 - 1278 --- Diplomatic relations. --- History & Archaeology.
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Fires --- Watchmen --- Incendies --- Gardiens --- History --- Histoire --- Rome --- Officials and employees --- Army --- Fonctionnaires --- Armée --- Vigiles (Roman officials) --- Fire prevention --- History. --- -Fires --- -Vigiles (Roman officials) --- Fire fighters --- Police --- Buildings --- Conflagrations --- Fire losses --- Accidents --- Disasters --- Fire --- Fire safety --- Prevention of fires --- Fire protection engineering --- Public safety --- Insurance engineering --- Fires and fire prevention --- Prevention --- -Officials and employees --- -Registers. --- Registers. --- Vigiles (Roman officials). --- Armée --- Rim --- Roman Empire --- Roman Republic (510-30 B.C.) --- Romi (Empire) --- Byzantine Empire --- Rome (Italy) --- Fire prevention - Rome. --- Fires - Rome - History.
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The latest volume in Joseph Needham's magisterial revelation of China's premodern and technological traditions introduces medicine. Five essays are included by Joseph Needham and Lu Gwei-djen, edited and expanded upon by the editor, Nathan Sivin. Professor Sivin's introduction discusses the essays and surveys recent scholarship across the world.
Science and civilization. --- Science --- Technology --- History. --- China --- Civilization. --- 5/6 <09> --- S19/0100 --- S19/0400 --- Geschiedenis van de exacte en toegepaste wetenschappen --- China: Natural sciences--Bibliographies, dictionaries, yearbooks and collections --- China: Natural sciences--Chemistry (incl. alchemy) --- S19/0140 --- S07/0200 --- -Science and civilization --- -Civilization and science --- History and science --- Science and history --- Science and society --- Progress --- Applied science --- Arts, Useful --- Science, Applied --- Useful arts --- Industrial arts --- Material culture --- Natural science --- Science of science --- Sciences --- China: Natural sciences--History of sciences --- China: Army and police force--Military history --- History --- Natural sciences --- S19/0160 --- 662 --- #SML: Paul Serruys --- #GBIB: jesuitica --- 662 Explosives. Fuels --- Explosives. Fuels --- China: Natural sciences--Technology, inventions --- -Applied science --- Civilization and science --- Technology and civilization. --- Civilization and machinery --- Civilization and technology --- Machinery and civilization --- Civilization --- Social history --- Philosophy --- -Natural science --- -History
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