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Alexander mosaic (Pompeii) --- Alexander the Great mosaic (Pompeii) --- Battle of Alexander mosaic (Pompeii) --- Battle of Issus mosaic (Pompeii) --- Mosaics, Roman --- Pavements, Mosaic --- Pompeii (Extinct city) --- Pompei (Extinct city) --- Pompeii (Ancient city) --- Italy --- Antiquities

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Granicus, Battle of the, 334 B.C --- Alexander, --- Campaigns --- Greece --- Iran --- Grèce --- History --- Histoire --- Granicus, Battle of the, Turkey, 334 BC --- Travel --- Military leadership --- Granicus, Battle of the, Turkey, 334 B.C. --- Granicus, Battle of the, 334 B.C. --- Alexander Magnus --- Alexander, M. J. --- -Travel --- -Greece --- -History --- -Granicus, Battle of the, Turkey, 334 B.C. --- -Granicus, Battle of the, Turkey, 334 BC --- Alexander --- Alexander the Great --- Alexander der Große --- Alexandre le Grand --- Alejandro Magno --- Alexander de Grote --- Grèce --- Granicus, Battle of the, Turkey, 334 B.C --- Alejandro, --- Alekjhāṇḍara, --- Aleksandar, --- Aleksander, --- Aleksandr, --- Alekʻsandre, --- Aleksandros bar Filipos, --- Aleksandŭr, Makedonski, --- Alessandro, --- Alexandre, --- Alexandros --- Alexandros, --- Alexandros, Megalos, --- Alexandru, --- Alexantros, --- Aleksandŭr, --- Александър, --- Iskandar, --- Maḳdonya, Aleksandros bar Filipos, --- Makedonski, Aleksandŭr, --- Македонски, Александър, --- Megalexandros, --- Megas Alexandros, --- Nagy Sándor, --- Sikandar, --- Iskender, --- Μέγας Ἀλέξανδρος, --- Ἀλέξανδρος, --- Ἀλέξανδρος --- אלכסנדר בן פיליפוס, --- אלכסנדר, --- اسكندر كبير --- اسکندر اعظم --- سکندراعظم --- Military leadership. --- Alexander, - the Great, - 356 BC-323 BC - Travel - Turkey --- Alexander, - the Great, - 356 BC-323 BC - Military leadership --- Greece - History - To 146 B.C --- Iran - History - Macedonian Conquest, 334-325 B.C --- Alexander, - the Great, - 356 BC-323 BC

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Cleopatra of Egypt is one of history's most famous rulers, but who was responsible for founding the Ptolemaic dynasty from which she came, how, and when? For the answers we go back 300 years before Cleopatra's time, to Ptolemy of Macedonia. He was a friend of Alexander the Great, fighting with him in the epic battles and sieges, which toppled the Persian Empire, and after Alexander's death taking over Egypt after the dead king's commanders carved up his vast empire among themselves. They were soon at war with each other, the co-called Wars of the Successors, as each man fought to increase his share of the spoils. They made and broke alliances with each other cynically and effortlessly, with Ptolemy showing himself no different from the others. But unlike them he had patience and cunning that arguably made him the greatest of the Successors. He built up his power base in Egypt, introduced administrative and economic reforms that made him fabulously wealthy, and as a conscious imperialist he boldly attempted to seize Greece and Macedonia and be a second Alexander. As well as his undoubted military prowess, Ptolemy was an intellectual. He founded the great Library and Museum at Alexandria, making that city the intellectual center of the entire Hellenistic age, and even patronized the mathematician Euclid.Ptolemy ruled Egypt first as satrap and then as its king and Pharaoh for forty years, until he died of natural causes in his early eighties. On his death, his son, Ptolemy II, succeeded him, and the Ptolemaic dynasty was thus established. It was the longest-lived of all the Hellenistic dynasties, falling with Cleopatra three centuries later. As a king, soldier, statesman, and intellectual, Ptolemy was one of a kind, but, unlike Alexander, he never forgot his Macedonian roots. Against all odds, Ptolemy fought off invasions, invaded opponents' territories, and established an Egyptian empire, making his adopted country a power with which to be reckoned. His achievements shaped both Egypt's history and that of the early Hellenistic world.

Pharaohs --- Generals --- Ptolemy --- Alexander, --- Friends and associates --- Egypt --- Egypte --- Kings and rulers --- History --- Histoire --- Pharaons --- Généraux --- Biography. --- Biography --- Biographies --- Rois et souverains --- Généraux --- Alejandro, --- Alekjhāṇḍara, --- Aleksandar, --- Aleksander, --- Aleksandr, --- Alekʻsandre, --- Aleksandros bar Filipos, --- Aleksandŭr, Makedonski, --- Alessandro, --- Alexander --- Alexandre, --- Alexandros --- Alexandros, --- Alexandros, Megalos, --- Alexandru, --- Alexantros, --- Aleksandŭr, --- Александър, --- Iskandar, --- Maḳdonya, Aleksandros bar Filipos, --- Makedonski, Aleksandŭr, --- Македонски, Александър, --- Megalexandros, --- Megas Alexandros, --- Nagy Sándor, --- Sikandar, --- Iskender, --- Μέγας Ἀλέξανδρος, --- Ἀλέξανδρος, --- Ἀλέξανδρος --- אלכסנדר בן פיליפוס, --- אלכסנדר, --- اسكندر كبير --- اسکندر اعظم --- سکندراعظم --- Ptolemaios --- Ptolémée --- Pharaohs - Biography --- Generals - Macedonia - Biography --- Ptolemy - I Soter, - King of Egypt, - -283 B.C. --- Alexander, - the Great, - 356 B.C.-323 B.C. - Friends and associates - Biography --- Egypt - Kings and rulers - Biography --- Egypt - History - 332-30 B.C. --- Alexander, - the Great, - 356 B.C.-323 B.C.

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In Civilizations of Ancient Iraq, Benjamin and Karen Foster tell the fascinating story of ancient Mesopotamia from the earliest settlements ten thousand years ago to the Arab conquest in the seventh century. Accessible and concise, this is the most current and authoritative book on the subject. With illustrations of important works of art and architecture in every chapter, the narrative traces the rise and fall of successive civilizations and peoples in Iraq over the course of millennia--from the Sumerians, Babylonians, and Assyrians to the Persians, Seleucids, Parthians, and Sassanians. Ancient Iraq was home to remarkable achievements. One of the birthplaces of civilization, it saw the world's earliest cities and empires, writing and literature, science and mathematics, monumental art, and innumerable other innovations. Civilizations of Ancient Iraqgives special attention to these milestones, as well as to political, social, and economic history. And because archaeology is the source of almost everything we know about ancient Iraq, the book includes an epilogue on the discovery and fate of its antiquities. Compelling and timely, Civilizations of Ancient Iraqis an essential guide to understanding Mesopotamia's central role in the development of human culture.

Civilization, Assyro-Babylonian. --- Assyria --- Babylonia --- Iraq --- Antiquities. --- Social life and customs. --- History --- Civilization, Assyro-Babylonian --- Assyro-Babylonian civilization --- Babylonian civilization --- Civilization, Babylonian --- Vavilonii︠a︡ --- Bavel --- Bābil --- Babylonien --- Sumer --- Afghanistan. --- Akkadian literature. --- Alexander the Great. --- Amorites. --- Amu Darya River. --- Annunitum. --- Archimedes screw. --- Assurbanipal. --- Assyriology. --- Babylon, site. --- Balikh River. --- Berlin Museum. --- British Museum. --- Carchemish. --- Chaldaean Catholics. --- Christianity. --- Damascius. --- Eannatum. --- Erlenmeyer Collection. --- Esarhaddon. --- Gaugamela. --- Gnosticism. --- Greek language. --- Hammurabi. --- Hassuna ware. --- Iraq Museum. --- Jeremiah. --- Jesus. --- Julius Caesar. --- Kudur-nahhunte. --- Lachish. --- Manishtusu. --- Nabopolassar. --- accounting. --- astronomy. --- bevel-rimmed bowls. --- caravanserais. --- chronicles. --- decipherment. --- domestication. --- education. --- families. --- fertility. --- frankincense. --- furniture. --- horoscopes. --- iconography. --- kudurrus. --- literacy. --- mathematics. --- minstrels.

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Conferences - Meetings --- Cults --- Emperor worship --- Rites and ceremonies --- Congresses. --- Ceremonies --- Cult --- Cultus --- Ecclesiastical rites and ceremonies --- Religious ceremonies --- Religious rites --- Rites of passage --- Traditions --- Ritualism --- Manners and customs --- Mysteries, Religious --- Ritual --- Emperors --- Worship, Emperor --- Apotheosis --- Kings and rulers --- Alternative religious movements --- Marginal religious movements --- New religions --- New religious movements --- NRMs (Religion) --- Religious movements, Alternative --- Religious movements, Marginal --- Religious movements, New --- Religions --- Sects --- Religious aspects --- Alexander, --- Alejandro, --- Alekjhāṇḍara, --- Aleksandar, --- Aleksander, --- Aleksandr, --- Alekʻsandre, --- Aleksandros bar Filipos, --- Aleksandŭr, Makedonski, --- Alessandro, --- Alexander --- Alexandre, --- Alexandros --- Alexandros, --- Alexandros, Megalos, --- Alexandru, --- Alexantros, --- Aleksandŭr, --- Александър, --- Iskandar, --- Maḳdonya, Aleksandros bar Filipos, --- Makedonski, Aleksandŭr, --- Македонски, Александър, --- Megalexandros, --- Megas Alexandros, --- Nagy Sándor, --- Sikandar, --- Iskender, --- Μέγας Ἀλέξανδρος, --- Ἀλέξανδρος, --- Ἀλέξανδρος --- אלכסנדר בן פיליפוס, --- אלכסנדר, --- اسكندر كبير --- اسکندر اعظم --- سکندراعظم --- Influence --- Rome --- Congresses --- Alexander the Great