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Specialization. --- Education, Medical, Continuing. --- Continuing Medical Education --- Education, Continuing Medical --- Medical Education, Continuing --- Specialists --- Specialism --- Specialist --- Europe. --- Northern Europe --- Southern Europe --- Western Europe --- Geneeskunde. Europa. --- Médecine. Spécialités. --- Médecine. Europe. --- Geneeskunde. Specialisatie. --- Specialization --- Education, Medical, Continuing

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In agricultural history, specialisation is usually considered as progress, turning peasants into market-orientated farmers and allowing them to escape from self-sufficiency. Recent developments in the field of productivist agriculture and the recent rise of alternative agriculture cast doubt on this conventional concept of agricultural specialisation. Several questions arise: Did specialisation necessarily mean that farms concentrated on a single product? Was it always a great step forward? Did it occur in the same form in earlier centuries as in contemporary economies? The chapters of this book draw attention to several factors relevant to processes of specialisation, such as markets, transport, and the natural environment. The contributions deal with regions in 10 countries of Europe, from Sweden to Spain and from England to Bulgaria, and with periods between the seventeenth and the twentieth centuries. They suggest several conclusions. Specialisation can take place in various forms, ranging from focussing on a single major cash crop to giving preference to a combination of products. This is true both at the level of an individual farm as at a regional level. Specialisation did not always improve the farmers’ standard of living. And it was neither a linear nor an irreversible process. This can be observed in periods of war, but also in recent developments in post-communist countries.

Agriculture --- Rural development --- Economic specialization --- Specialization, Economic --- Economics --- Division of labor --- History --- Economic aspects&delete& --- Europe --- Council of Europe countries --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Eurasia --- Rural conditions --- History. --- History of Europe --- anno 1600-1699 --- anno 1700-1799 --- anno 1800-1999 --- Farming --- Husbandry --- Industrial arts --- Life sciences --- Food supply --- Land use, Rural --- Economic aspects

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Examining issues as diverse as work and employment, family, cities, policy, and technology, this journal aims to understand the similarities and differences between the forms taken by gender relations, both between one society and another and between one period in history and another. It favors a multidisciplinary approach that includes international comparisons.

Division of labor --- Sexual division of labor --- Division du travail --- Division sexuelle du travail --- Division of labor by sex --- Sex role --- Sex discrimination in employment --- Labor, Division of --- Labor --- Economic specialization --- Business, Economy and Management --- Economics --- Business Management

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Recent trends toward specialization in veterinary medicine parallel similar trends in the practice of human medicine. W. Jean Dodds, the new editor of Advances in Veterinary Science and Comparative Medicine, has brought together recognized authorities to integrate the legal and ethical implications generated by the issue of specialization. Routine and specialized veterinary practices, including genetic screening, are now associated with clinical trials. This book establishes the links between specialization in the veterinary sciences and the factors that influence the use of animals in

Basic medical sciences --- Basic sciences [Medical ] --- Biogeneeskunde --- Biomedical sciences --- Biomédecine --- Clinical sciences --- Farriery --- Geneeskunde --- Geneeskunde [Bio] --- Geneeskundige wetenschappen --- Large animal medicine --- Large animal veterinary medicine --- Livestock medicine --- Medical profession --- Medical sciences --- Medicine --- Medicine [Veterinary ] --- Medische wetenschappen --- Médecine --- Médecine [Bio] --- Médecine vétérinaire --- Preclinical sciences --- Sciences [Medical ] --- Sciences médicales --- Veeartsenijkunde --- Veterinary medicine --- Veterinary science --- Veterinary specialties. --- Research. --- Clinical Trials. --- Professional ethics. --- Specialties, Veterinary --- Veterinary medical specialization --- Veterinary medical specialties --- Veterinary specialization --- Specialities --- Specialties and specialists

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This volume originates from a NATO Advanced Research Workshop held in Maratea. Italy from 8th-15th October 198~. Aims and contributions are described at greater length in the Introduction and the following chapters. It is hoped that this volume will provide a critical overview of hemispheric specialization in relation to individual differences, but one that is not intended to be comprehensive. Three contributions on this theme are made by authors who were invited to the Workshop but were unable to participate in it. The volume contains a critical appraisal of the differentially specialized functions of left and right human cerebral hemispheres in verbal and visuospatial domains respectively (formerly cerebral dominance). in relation to individual variation due. for example. to gender and handedness. Critical cross-comparison of several methods of assessing hemispheric specialization such as perceptual/behavioral. clinical/neurological. electrophysiological and "real time" methods of assessment of cerebral orientation have been made. Individual differences have been considered in relation to statistical concepts in the assessment of cerebral lateralization. Some emphasis has been placed on the application of these methods and concepts to psychopathology.

Brain--Laterality --- Cerebral dominance --- Cerebral laterality --- Cerebrale dominantie --- Complementary specialization (Brain) --- Dominance [Cerebral ] --- Dominance cerebrale --- Functional asymmetry (Brain) --- Hemispheric dominance (Brain) --- Laterality [Cerebral ] --- Lateralization (Brain) --- Left and right brain --- Right and left brain --- Individual differences --- Laterality --- Dominance, Cerebral --- Individuality --- Congresses. --- congresses. --- United States. --- Officials and employees. --- Psychophysiology --- Dual-brain psychology --- Differences, Individual --- Difference (Psychology) --- Cerebral hemispheres --- Whole brain learning --- U.S. Army --- US Army