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For much of its history, philosophy was not merely a theoretical discipline but a way of life, an "art of living." This practical aspect of philosophy has been much less dominant in modernity than it was in ancient Greece and Rome, when philosophers of all stripes kept returning to Socrates as a model for living. The idea of philosophy as an art of living has survived in the works of such major modern authors as Montaigne, Nietzsche, and Foucault. Each of these writers has used philosophical discussion as a means of establishing what a person is and how a worthwhile life is to be lived. In this wide-ranging, brilliantly written account, Alexander Nehamas provides an incisive reevaluation of Socrates' place in the Western philosophical tradition and shows the importance of Socrates for Montaigne, Nietzsche, and Foucault.Why does each of these philosophers―each fundamentally concerned with his own originality―return to Socrates as a model? The answer lies in the irony that characterizes the Socrates we know from the Platonic dialogues. Socratic irony creates a mask that prevents a view of what lies behind. How Socrates led the life he did, what enabled or inspired him, is never made evident. No tenets are proposed. Socrates remains a silent and ambiguous character, forcing readers to come to their own conclusions about the art of life. This, Nehamas shows, is what allowed Montaigne, Nietzsche, and Foucault to return to Socrates as a model without thereby compelling them to imitate him.This highly readable, erudite study argues for the importance of the tradition within Western philosophy that is best described as "the art of living" and casts Montaigne, Nietzsche, and Foucault as the three major modern representatives of this tradition. Full of original ideas and challenging associations, this work will offer new ways of thinking about the philosophers Nehamas discusses and about the discipline of philosophy itself.

Philosophy --- Conduct of life --- Ethics [Practical ] --- Levenswijze --- Mode de vie --- Morals --- Personal conduct --- Socrates --- Philosophers --- -Scholars --- Ethics, Practical --- Ethics --- Philosophical counseling --- Socrate --- Socrates Constantinopolitanus Scholasticus --- Conduct of life. --- -Conduct of life --- -Ethics, Practical --- Scholars --- Socrates. --- Sokrates

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Epictetus' Encheiridion , which was composed by his pupil Arrian with the purpose of giving a comprehensive account of Epictetus' thought, has been transmitted in many sources. Besides the rich direct tradition there are three Christian adaptations, a voluminous commentary by the sixth-century philosopher Simplicius, as well as the indirect tradition. The most recent critical edition is the editio maior by Johannes Schweighäuser (1798), which does not meet the requirements of modern philology. In the first part of this book there is a full account of the transmission of Epictetus' Encheiridion and the three Christian adaptations, based on all extant manuscripts. The second part of the book contains critical editions of the four texts; for the Christian Encheiridion of Vaticanus graecus 2231 this is the editio princeps .

Ethics --- Conduct of life --- Morale --- Morale pratique --- Early works to 1800 --- Ouvrages avant 1800 --- Ethics, Ancient. --- Ethics, Ancient --- Ancient ethics --- Ethics, Practical --- Morals --- Personal conduct --- Philosophical counseling --- Conduct of life. --- Conduct of life - Early works to 1800.

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In the treatise On Virtues (part of his so-called Exposition of the Law), Philo of Alexandria demonstrates how Moses, his laws, and the nation constituted by these laws each embody certain widely-discussed moral values, specifically, courage (andreia), humanity (philanthropia), repentance (metanoia), and nobility (eugeneia). Although it makes extensive use of material drawn from the Pentateuch, what the treatise provides is far more than a commentary on scripture. Rather, it contributes to a sophisticated apologetic reconstruction of Jewish origins, idealized according to the principles of both Greek philosophy and Roman political culture. Guided by such principles, Philo endeavors to establish the moral, legal, and social status of Judaism within the Greco-Roman world.

Virtues --- -Jewish ethics --- -Conduct of life --- -296*331 --- Virtue --- Ethics, Practical --- Morals --- Personal conduct --- Ethics --- Philosophical counseling --- Ethics, Jewish --- Jews --- Religious ethics --- Philo van Alexandrië:--tekstedities --- 296*331 Philo van Alexandrië:--tekstedities --- Conduct of life --- Jewish ethics --- 296*331

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levenskunst --- Affective and dynamic functions --- Cognitive psychology. --- Conduct of life. --- Levenskunst --- Positief denken --- Levenskunst. --- Positief denken. --- Cognitive psychology --- Conduct of life --- Ethics, Practical --- Morals --- Personal conduct --- Ethics --- Philosophical counseling --- Psychology, Cognitive --- Cognitive science --- Psychology --- Psychologie --- Filosofie

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Latin language --- -Conduct of life --- -Ethics --- -Deontology --- Ethics, Primitive --- Ethology --- Moral philosophy --- Morality --- Morals --- Philosophy, Moral --- Science, Moral --- Philosophy --- Values --- Ethics, Practical --- Personal conduct --- Ethics --- Philosophical counseling --- Classical languages --- Italic languages and dialects --- Classical philology --- Latin philology --- Readers --- Early works to 1800 --- Conduct of life --- Morale pratique --- Kommentar. --- Ethics. --- Seneca, Lucius Annaeus (Philosophus). --- -Readers --- -Ethics, Practical --- Deontology --- Readers&delete&